As the global energy system accelerates its transition toward renewable energy,electrochemical energy storage devices play an increasingly vital role in ensuring power supply stability and promoting efficient energy utilization.However,low-temperature environments pose a significant challenge to the performance of electrochemical energy storage devices.Especially for widely used lithium-ion batteries,the problems such as significant decrease of charge and discharge capacity,increase of internal resistance and shortening of cycle life are particularly prominent,which seriously limits the commercialization development of lithium-ion batteries in cold regions and other scenarios.To address this challenge,this paper provides a systematic review of current research progress on the performance of electrochemical energy storage devices in low-temperature environments.First of all,focusing on the core research topic of modification and optimization of battery cathode materials and electrolyte systems.This study systematically elucidates the mechanism contributing to battery performance under low-temperature conditions,including changes in material resistivity,reduced reactivity of active materials,and increased viscosity of electrolyte materials.Then,the modification strategies of electrolyte to improve the performance of batteries under low temperature are reviewed and analyzed.In addition,other effective ways to optimize the low-temperature performance of energy storage devices and their mechanisms for improving the electrochemical performance are also expounded.

Nylon 66(PA66),as an important engineering plastic,features excellent mechanical properties,wear resistance and heat resistance,and is widely used in the automotive,electronic,mechanical and aerospace fields.However,its inherent high hygroscopicity,poor low-temperature toughness,insufficient processing fluidity and inadequate flame retardancy limit its application in some high-performance scenarios.In recent years,significant progress has been made in the modification research of PA66.Mainly through various means such as physical blending,chemical grafting, and copolymerization modification,its microstructure and macroscopic properties are regulated,thereby preparing composite materials with high strength,high toughness, low water absorption rate,excellent flame retardancy or thermal conductivity.This article introduces the research progress of various high-performance PA66 composites in recent years,analyzes the influence of various modification strategies on the structure and performance of the materials,and the preparation of various high-performance PA66 composites has expanded the application scope of PA66,which is more conducive to its development in high-performance and functional industries such as new energy and automobiles.

In order to resolve the limitation of the built-in catalyst database in Aspen simulations,a dual-rate kinetic model based on the Power Law (PL) formulation is proposed.The kinetic model is integrated into Aspen Plus for multi-process simulation of hydrogen production.By incorporating the influence of catalysts on the reactions during the simulation,a more realistic chemical process simulation is achieved.The dual-rate kinetic model accurately reflects actual hydrogen production conditions: increasing temperature and reducing liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) both enhance methanol conversion and simultaneously increase CO selectivity.The steam-to-carbon molar ratio has a minor impact on the reaction.By considering energy consumption,the optimal range of the steam-to-carbon molar ratio is 1.0~1.4.Under the condition in which the reaction temperature is 280 °C and the feed flow rate is 1.5 mL/min,the multi-process simulation results demonstrate that the CO concentration in the product is reduced to only 6.89 μL/L after methanol steam reforming, water-vapor shift,and CO selective oxidation.This CO concentration meets the requirements for proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFC).

The dual?carbon strategy highlights the urgent need to develop efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production technologies. Graphitic carbon nitride (g?C?N?) has attracted wide attention due to its low cost and excellent stability, but it suffers from insufficient visible light absorption and rapid carrier recombination, which severely restricts its hydrogen production performance. To overcome these issues, we successfully prepared boron-doped g?C₃N₄ （BCN） using a H₃BO₃?assisted segmented temperature?controlled calcination strategy, with boric acid as the boron source precursor. The effects of boron doping on the band structure and photoelectric properties of g?C₃N₄ were systematically investigated through various photoelectric characterization techniques. The results demonstrate that an appropriate level of boron doping effectively modulates the electronic structure of g-C₃N₄, enhancing its visible light absorption and improving the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers. Specifically, the BCN?2∶5 sample (with a mass ratio of H?BO? to g?C?N? of 2∶5) achieves a hydrogen evolution rate of up to 1 507 μmol/(g·h) under visible light irradiation. This study offers valuable insights and guidance for the design of highly efficient doped g?C₃N₄ photocatalysts.

Aqueous zinc?ion batteries demonstrate broad application prospects due to their high safety,low cost,excellent electrochemical performance,and other characteristics.This review systematically summarizes structural regulation strategies for flexible electrolytes tailored for aqueous zinc?ion batteries.It focuses on the construction methods,ion conduction mechanisms,and mechanical reinforcement approaches of hydrogel and polymer electrolytes.In addition,it analyzes the key challenges related to electrochemical stability,interfacial compatibility, and environmental adaptability.This work aims to advance the development of flexible electrolytes for enhancing the electrochemical performance of aqueous zinc?ion batteries and provide theoretical guidance and research references for the design and functional realization of flexible electrolyte materials.

To address the issues of low theoretical specific capacity, poor fast?charging performance, and insufficient safety in commercial graphite anode materials, a new type of self?supporting composite electrode was constructed, which achieved an improvement in the comprehensive electrochemical performance of lithium?ion batteries. Using carbon cloth (CC) as a flexible substrate, a Co₃O₄/ZnO heterojunction structure was grown in situ on its surface via the hydrothermal method, followed by heat treatment, successfully preparing a self?supporting Co₃O₄@ZnO//CC anode material. Microstructural and compositional analyses were conducted using characterization techniques such as XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS, while electrochemical tests were employed to evaluate its lithium storage performance. Results demonstrated that the three?dimensional porous nanosheet array of Co₃O₄@ZnO effectively mitigates volume changes and facilitates electron transport. The Co₃O₄@ZnO//CC electrode exhibited an initial discharge and charge specific capacity of 3.96 and 3.28 mA?h/cm2 at 2.00 mA/cm2 current density, respectively, with a coulombic efficiency of 82.83% in the first cycle and a capacity retention rate of 56.40% after 100 cycles. Both its cycling stability and rate performance outperformed those of Co₃O₄//CC and ZnO//CC electrodes.

Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution technology plays a pivotal role in promoting sustainable energy conversion and storage,which is essential for achieving carbon neutrality and enhancing the efficient utilization of renewable energy.However, current electrocatalysts still face significant challenges in terms of activity,stability,and cost,which hinder their large-scale application.Alloy catalysts,with their tunable compositions and structures as well as unique electronic properties,have demonstrated great potential in improving catalytic performance.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the performance modulation mechanisms and strategies of alloy catalysts in hydrogen evolution reactions.Specifically,it focuses on three key aspects:Composition design,crystal structure regulation,and hybridization with other functional materials,highlighting their recent advances in the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction.Representative studies are discussed to elucidate the synergistic effects among multiple metal components in alloy systems and their impact on catalytic performance.Finally,current challenges in rational alloy catalyst design are summarized,and future research directions are proposed,aiming to provide theoretical guidance and technical insights for the development of efficient and cost-effective electrocatalytic materials.

An oil⁃soluble molybdenum sulfide catalyst (MS⁃1) was prepared by a ‘one⁃pot’ synthesis method and characterized using XRD,FT⁃IR,XPS,and HR⁃TEM.The hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) performance toward methyl oleate and the hydrotreating capability for waste oils (with phosphorus,chlorine,and total metal contents of 18.14,138.80,and 173.60 µg/g,respectively) were evaluated in a high⁃pressure reactor.The results indicate that two⁃dimensional monolayer MoS2 active species were generated in situ during reaction,and the synthesized catalyst exhibited excellent overall performance.Under the conditions of a catalyst dosage of 380 µg/g,a reaction temperature of 360 °C,an initial H2 pressure of 4.0 MPa,and a reaction time of 3.0 h,the deoxygenation rates of methyl oleate and waste cooking oil reached 99.2% and 99.7%,respectively.The acid value and bromine value of the waste oil were significantly reduced from 173.60 mgKOH/g and 117.70 gBr/(100 g) to 5.28 mgKOH/g and 5.65 gBr/(100 g).The removal efficiencies of phosphorus,chlorine, and total metals were 92.17%,93.87%,and 96.92%,respectively.

With the development of large-scale storage tanks,structural safety issues such as foundation settlement and structural deformation that affect the operation of large storage tanks have increasingly become the focus of equipment management and inspection personnel.Research on foundation settlement detection and structural integrity evaluation of large storage tanks is of practical significance for ensuring the safe operation.This article analyzes the types and typical damage forms of tank foundation settlement,and proposes requirements for tank foundation settlement detection based on the characteristics of different tank service stages such as design,construction,and regular inspection.It clarifies the detection and evaluation methods for different types of settlement,and focuses on the research of graded evaluation methods for uneven settlement around the tank.A 4-level evaluation method for basic uneven settlement,including settlement difference evaluation,deviation from the plane settlement amplitude evaluation,local non-uniform plane settlement evaluation,and stress analysis evaluation,is proposed to effectively support equipment management and inspection personnel in conducting structural suitability evaluation under tank foundation settlement conditions.

Aiming at the problems of conventional temporary plugging materials in horizontal shale gas wells in Sichuan, such as insignificant increase in temporary plugging pressure, easy shedding under low pressure difference and poor plugging effect, long‑acting and short‑acting temporary plugging knots for perforation plugging were prepared. Their degradation performance and pressure‑bearing plugging performance were evaluated, the influence of injection method on plugging efficiency was explored, and a temporary plugging knot injection device was developed, thus forming a knot‑based temporary plugging fracturing technology for shale gas. The results show that in polymer slick‑water fracturing fluid at 90 ℃, the degradation rate of long‑acting temporary plugging knots is less than 10% within 83 h and more than 99% after 174 h, while that of short‑acting temporary plugging knots is less than 10% within 5 h and more than 99% after 24 h. Both types of temporary plugging knots exhibit static pressure‑bearing capacity higher than 50.0 MPa and dynamic plugging efficiency above 90%. The maximum single injection capacity of the device is 60 temporary plugging knots with a size of 18~20 mm, and the injection rate is adjustable from 1 to 60 knots per minute. Field tests were carried out in Well Ning‑A, a horizontal shale gas well, including 5 stages of inter‑stage temporary plugging and 6 stages of intra‑stage temporary plugging in casing‑deformed intervals. The average post‑plugging pressure increases were 9.0 MPa and 5.6 MPa, respectively. Field microseismic monitoring shows obvious differences in event points before and after temporary plugging, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed technology.

Due to regulatory restrictions on long?chain fluorocarbon surfactants, the synergistic mechanisms of short?chain composite systems developed as alternatives remain unclear, hindering the advancement of high?performance and environmentally friendly firefighting agents. This review systematically outlines optimization strategies for short?chain fluorocarbon firefighting agents, including molecular engineering approaches (chain?length control, zwitterionic design) and compounding techniques (fluorocarbon/hydrocarbon synergy). By synthesizing existing research, it highlights that C₄—C₆ short?chain surfactants strike a balance between surface activity and environmental friendliness and composite systems significantly reduce critical micelle concentration and fluorine consumption, simultaneously enhancing foam stability. The review summarizes synergistic mechanisms in compounding including electrostatic interactions between anions and cations promoting dense film formation, and conformational matching inhibiting aqueous migration. It also establishes quantitative relationships spanning from microscopic molecular arrangements to macroscopic properties, such as interfacial tension and foam stability. This study provides theoretical reference for understanding the mechanism of compounding and promoting the rational design of fire extinguishing agents.

During the shutdown period of the J-Y refined oil product pipeline, there is a significant difference between the temperature of the transported oil and the outside soil temperature, which leads to a pressure drop in the pipeline after the shutdown. When the pressure at the high point of the pipeline drops below the saturated vapor pressure, air resistance occurs inside the pipeline, making it impossible to maintain pressure. This further poses a potential threat to the safe operation of the pipeline system. The SPS software was used to establish a pipeline model to simulate the equivalent soil temperature distribution along the pipeline. Through simulation and analysis, the inlet temperature error at the terminal station was effectively corrected, thereby obtaining the average soil temperature along the pipeline and the temperature drop range after shutdown. A fitting equation was utilized to reveal the relationship of equivalent soil temperature change over time. Combined with the pre-pump temperature measurement value and the equivalent soil temperature value obtained from the simulation, a shutdown operation was carried out after the system had been running for a period of time, and the trend of temperature and pressure changes after shutdown was simulated by the SPS model. The analysis shows that the temperature difference between oil and soil shows an exponential relationship with the pressure preservation time after shutdown. If the temperature difference between oil and soil before shutdown is small enough, vaporization is less likely to occur in the whole line after shutdown. If the temperature difference between oil and soil before shutdown is negative, the pressure in the pipe will increase after shutdown.

In the development process of Block G in Dagang Oilfield, the air foam flooding system exhibits favorable oil displacement performance. However, affected by factors such as foam preparation technology, gas injection volume, gas injection rate and reservoir permeability heterogeneity, gas channeling is prone to occur during oil and gas production. To explore the mechanism of gas channeling in oil reservoirs and its impacts on oil and gas field development, experiments on the oil displacement performance of air foam flooding were conducted using a Brookfield viscometer, gas chromatograph and core flooding apparatus. The experiments investigated the effects of profile control agent types, gas injection modes and reservoir heterogeneity. Corresponding effective technologies for gas channeling control were also proposed. The results show that in the air foam flooding test with heterogeneous models, foam preferentially enters high-permeability layers, which increases seepage resistance and reduces water absorption index, thus achieving excellent effects of water control and oil production enhancement. Compared with conventional air foam flooding, the injection of Cr³⁺ polymer gel and hydrophobic associating polymer can effectively restrain gas channeling, and further improve the oil-increasing and water-reducing performance of air foam flooding. When the injection volume of gel plugging agent is 0.20 PV, the maximum increment of oil recovery factor reaches 15.23%; when the injection volume of polymer is 0.30 PV, the maximum increment of oil recovery factor is 11.35%.

To ensure the effect of several rounds of profile control in Bohai oilfield, the adaptability of a drag-increasing in-situ gel profile control agent was investigated specifically in the study. The gelation property, thermal stability and micromorphology after gelation were measured by viscosimetry, rheological analysis and scanning electron microscope respectively. The injectivity, plugging property, selectivity and enhanced oil recovery effect of the profile control agent were investigated by sand packing experiments. The results show that the profile control agent has low initial viscosity, excellent injectability and deep migration performance, and weak chromatographic separation behavior in the reservoir. At the reservoir temperature of 65 ℃, it has a long gelation time, high gelation viscosity and good thermal stability. After gelation, it has a three-dimensional network structure with microspheres as cross-linked nodes inside, and demonstrates shear thickening characteristic at a shear rate of 4~12 s?1. Additionally, the profile control agent possesses excellent selective plugging performance and preferentially enters the breakthrough area to form plugging, , while maintaining a low oil plugging rate in the oil layers. The profile control agent shows a significant effect on enhancing oil recovery and the increase in crude oil recovery rate reaches 15.0%~23.0% after injecting 1.000 pore volume (PV). Generally, the drag-increasing in-situ gel profile control agent can adapt to the reservoir characteristics of Bohai offshore oilfield well, and realize in-depth profile control in the reservoir.

Polymer composites are the primary materials for water-lubricated bearings owing to their superior wear resistance, low friction coefficient, and resistance to water and corrosion. Their performance directly governs the safety, reliability, and operating costs of the bearing systems. This paper provides a systematic review of the properties of commonly used polymer composites for water-lubricated bearings and recent research progress. It focuses on analyzing the load-carrying capacity, wear resistance, and frictional behavior of different materials, while comparing their relative advantages and limitations. Finally, by addressing the current challenges with existing materials, the review proposes future research directions for high-performance water-lubricated bearing materials and suggests strategies for optimizing their design and engineering applications, aiming to offer valuable insights for further development.

The conversion of CO₂ to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) represents a promising route for sustainable synthesis and carbon resource utilization. In this study, a series of Zr-doped CeO₂ catalysts derived from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) via hydrothermal synthesis were applied to the direct synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH. The effects of varying Zr doping levels (molar fraction, the same below) on catalytic performance were systematically investigated, and the optimal Zr doping amount was determined. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption-desorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to elucidate their crystal phase, morphology, surface chemical states, and correlations between these properties and catalytic activity. Using the Zr/CeO? catalyst with a 2% Zr doping level, the optimal process conditions for DMC synthesis from CO? and CH?OH were investigated. The results indicate that under the conditions of 140 °C, an initial CO₂ pressure of 3 MPa, and a reaction time of 2 hours, the Zr/CeO₂ catalyst with a 2% Zr doping content exhibits the highest CH₃OH conversion rate and DMC production.

In the process of offshore chemical drive, water drive well network and polydrive well network coexist after well network densification, which exerts a deep influence on oil development. To quantitatively characterize the perturbation degree of injected water and polymer, a water-polymer perturbation coefficient considering the dynamic changes of displacement volume of injected water and polymer is proposed. The production characteristics and laws under different displacement modes are analyzed based on the water-polymer perturbation coefficient, and the control strategies are discussed.The results show that the injected water would compress the polymer displacement area and exert an interference on the polymer front edge. Water-polymer perturbation coefficient has a good correlation with stage net oil increase curve, and water-polymer co-flooding process can be divided into five stages according to the water-polymer perturbation coefficient. In addition, water-polymer co-flooding has a better oil production than pure polymer flooding at the initial stage, but for a long period, development effect of pure polymer flooding is much better, and water-polymer alternating injection can balance the displacement front and improve the development effect. The result has a great significance to quantitatively characterize water-polymer perturbation degree and make adjustment measurements.

Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) are regarded as highly promising candidates for next⁃generation high⁃energy⁃density energy storage systems, owing to the high theoretical specific capacity (1 166 mA•h/g) and low redox potential (-2.71 V（vs.SHE）) of sodium metal. However, the practical implementation of sodium metal anodes is significantly impeded by several critical issues, including uncontrollable dendrite growth, vigorous interfacial side reactions, and instability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Consequently, engineering a stable and robust anode interface has become a pivotal research focus for achieving high⁃performance SMBs. In recent years, researchers have proposed a variety of interfacial regulation strategies, including electrolyte optimization, artificial interfacial layer construction, application of solid⁃state or gel electrolytes, and alloying approaches. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in stabilizing the sodium metal anode interface, with a focus on the mechanismsof various interface engineering strategies and their effects on electrochemical performance. The challenges and future perspectives in this field are also discussed.

The characteristics and evolution of the imbibition front during spontaneous oil recovery in mixed wetting capillaries are critical for predicting imbibition efficiency in tight oil reservoirs with complex wettability. By establishing a spontaneous imbibition model under mixed wetting conditions, this study investigates the influence of spatially heterogeneous wettability distribution and the degree of mixed wettability on the spontaneous imbibition front distance and the interfacial deformation behavior. The critical condition for achieving efficient spontaneous imbibition in mixed wetting capillarie is identified. A higher water-wetting fraction results in smaller differences in the stabilized static suction front edge distance, achieving optimal oil recovery time more efficiently. Conversely, a larger cosine difference in contact angles between wet and dry sidewalls leads to greater disparities in this critical parameter. By combining simulation data with a fitting formula for static suction front edge distance variations, combined with analytical solutions for the front distance, we can quantitatively characterize the dynamic patterns of front distance changes and interfacial deformation characteristics in mixed-wetting capillary systems. These findings provide theoretical support for efficient and low-carbon development strategies in mixed-wet tight oil reservoirs.

The current commercial Pd?based catalysts are expensive, so there is a need to develop alternative low?cost metal catalysts. In this study, hierarchical porous copper?based catalysts were synthesized via selective etching by adjusting alkali concentration, and were characterized using techniques including XRD, SEM, BET, MIP, and N₂O chemisorption. The hydrogenation performance of the hierarchical porous Cu?based catalyst was evaluated under conditions of GHSV 30 000 h?1 and V(H?)/V(C?H?)/V(C?H?)/V(He) = 137∶98∶1∶196. Results indicate that the Cu?based catalyst possesses a hierarchical pore structure comprising macropores (4~5 μm) and mesopores (2~25 nm). The full conversion temperature of the hierarchical porous Cu?based catalyst is as low as 105 °C, significantly lower than that of commercial Cu powder (220 °C), while demonstrating stability exceeding 180 hours. The introduction of the hierarchical pore structure increases the active surface area of the catalyst and enhances the number of Cu active sites. Moreover, retaining an appropriate amount of Al species helps maintain the hierarchical

pore structure and improves the resistance of Cu active sites to deactivation.

Against the backdrop of rising global energy needs and pressing environmental concerns,the advancement of efficient and sustainable green energy technologies is paramount.Zinc-air batteries （ZABs） present a highly promising solution,offering a high theoretical energy density and zero-carbon emissions.However,their widespread adoption is limited by the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction（ORR） at the air cathode and the inherent high cost and poor stability of precious-metal catalysts. Herein,we innovatively prepared a NH?-MXene/FePc composite catalyst by anchoring iron phthalocyanine（FePc） onto amino-functionalized MXene（NH₂-MXene） as the support.The influence of the 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane（APTES） addition amount on the catalyst's structure and ORR performance was systematically studied.The optimized NH₂-MXene /FePc-100 catalyst demonstrates exceptional ORR activity,characterized by a high half-wave potential of 0.92 V,a low Tafel slope of 65.94 mV/dec, and a dominant four-electron transfer pathway.Notably,it exhibits outstanding stability,showing a minimal E_1/2 degradation of only 20 mV after 5 000 cycles of accelerated durability test cycles.Moreover,ZABs equipped with this catalyst achieve superior performance,delivering a peak power density of 182.3 mW/cm² and a specific capacity of 774.7 mA·h/g which significantly surpasses that of commercial Pt/C-based devices.

This study investigates the effect of preparation strategies on the state of active species in Beta zeolite supported P and Ni catalysts,to develop high⁃performance catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of furfural.A series of P⁃modified Beta zeolite supported Ni catalysts were prepared by stepwise introduction of Ni and P through different methods.Various characterization techniques were employed to investigate the state of Ni species,and their catalytic performance in the selective hydrogenation of furfural was evaluated.The results revealed that Ni species introduced via the in⁃situ hydrothermal method were uniformly encapsulated within the zeolite channels.P introduced via mechanical mixing migrated into the channels and interacted with Ni to form Ni₂P species during reduction treatment.The high content of Ni²⁺ in P⁃Ni@Beta indicated a strong metal⁃support interaction.The reaction results demonstrated a blue shift in the C-O stretching frequency,indicating electron transfer from Ni to P,which reduced the electron density around Ni.The reaction results indicated that Ni ^δ+ species,acting as Lewis acid sites,efficiently promoted the selective hydrogenation of furfural.Under conditions of 110 ℃ and 1 MPa H₂,a furfuryl alcohol yield of 68.6% was achieved after 1 h of reaction.

Compared with clastic reservoirs,carbonate reservoirs have extremely strong heterogeneity,multiple types of storage spaces,and uneven development of pores,caves,and fractures.How to characterize the three-dimensional storage space of strongly heterogeneous carbonate gas reservoirs is the key to fine reservoir description.By integrating geological,logging,seismic,and production dynamic data with reservoir characterization insights,this study focuses on the Maokou Formation fracture-dong carbonate reservoir in Hechuan Block.Random modeling combined with deterministic modeling methods is used to gradually construct a detailed geological model of the reservoir with various attributes such as structure,sedimentary facies,reservoir classification,porosity,permeability,and gas saturation,quantitatively characterizing the distribution characteristics of reservoir attributes.By combining geostatistics with multi-attribute collaborative simulation technology,this paper establishes a multi-scale integrated fracture-hole model,quantitatively characterizes the spatial distribution characteristics of reservoirs,and forms a set of fine fracture-hole carbonate reservoir modeling methods based on sedimentary facies-reservoir type classification control and multi-scale information fusion.

In view of the characteristics of high salinity of injected water,high reservoir temperature and multiple reservoir layers in Block G of Dagang K Oilfield,experiments were conducted to screen temperature⁃resistant and salt⁃tolerant polymers and surfactants.On this basis,the oil displacement efficiency of polymer solutions and polymer⁃surfactant binary composite flooding systems(hereinafter referred to as polymer/surfactant binary flooding systems) was investigated using multi‐layer core models.The results show that among the three types of polymers,hydrophobically associating polymers exhibit superior viscosity enhancement. Compared with HSY and DWS,the polymer/surfactant binary flooding system formulated with DG‐1 surfactant can reduce the interfacial tension to 10⁻³ mN/m.Under the same model layer combination,the incremental oil recovery of the polymer/surfactant binary flooding system is higher than that of the polymer solution;in particular,the incremental oil recovery of the binary flooding system is 1.43% higher in the three‐layer model with a permeability ratio of 10. Under the same flooding agent condition,the mass fraction and viscosity of polymer and surfactant in the produced fluid increase with the increase of model permeability ratio.At the same permeability ratio,a larger number of model layers leads to higher waterflooding recovery,lower chemical flooding and subsequent waterflooding recovery,while the ultimate oil recovery is similar.

In the domain of chemical separation, the pursuit of straightforward and expeditious treatment of multicomponent industrial wastewater has emerged as a prominent trend. However, traditional methods have demonstrated low separation efficiency when dealing with emulsified phosphorus-containing wastewater. In this study, a cellulose membrane was used as the base matrix, and La(OH)? nanoparticles were in-situ grown on it to construct a composite membrane capable of simultaneous phosphorus removal and demulsification. Structural characterization revealed that La（OH）? was uniformly anchored on the fiber surface. The membrane's underwater superoleophobicity and low oil adhesion enabled it to separate various oil-in-water emulsions with an efficiency of 99.2% and a separation flux of 1 210 L/（m2?h）. The membrane exhibited sustained high phosphorus removal and demulsification performance even after ten cycles, providing a scalable and sustainable new approach for the next generation of multicomponent industrial wastewater treatment.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) exhibit tremendous application potential in cutting-edge interdisciplinary fields such as wearable devices and biomedicine owing to their high safety, low cost, excellent electrochemical performance, and good biocompatibility. This paper provides a systematic review of structural-engineering strategies and recent advances in their gel electrolytes, with particular emphasis on the integrated optimization of ionic conduction, biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and interfacial stability of hydrogel and polymer electrolytes guided by molecular engineering and interfacial regulation. Furthermore, the development potential and evolution trends of hydrogel electrolytes in flexible integration and biomedical applications are discussed. This research provides novel ideas for the design and expanded application of high-performance hydrogel electrolytes.

Solid superacid catalyst S₂O {}_{\mathrm{8}}^{\mathrm{2}-} /ZrO₂?CeO₂ was prepared by precipitation impregnation method using zirconium nitrate and cerium nitrate as metal sources.n?Butyl acetate was synthesized through the catalytic esterification of acetic acid and n?butanol over S₂O {}_{\mathrm{8}}^{\mathrm{2}-} /ZrO₂?CeO₂.The effects of catalyst mass,n(alkanol)/n(acid),reaction temperature and reaction time on the catalytic reaction were investigated.The catalyst was characterized by XRD,FT?IR,N₂ adsorption?desorption isotherm and NH₃?TPD.The results indicated that S₂O {}_{\mathrm{8}}^{\mathrm{2}-} /ZrO₂?CeO₂ possesses strong acidity and exhibits superior catalytic activity.The optimal reaction conditions were determined as follows: cerium loading（mass fraction） of 2.0%,catalyst mass of 0.6 g,n(alcohol)/n(acid) molar ratio of 2.0∶1.0,reaction temperature of 115 °C,reaction time of 4.0 h,and ammonium persulfate concentration of 0.5 mol/L.Under these optimal conditions,the esterification rate of n?butyl acetate reached 99.6%.After 5 cycles of repeated use,the conversion rate remained at 59.4%.

The consumption of fossil fuels has led to a series of environmental issues due to CO₂ emissions, drawing increasing attention to carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. Lithium silicate (Li₄SiO₄) is considered a highly promising sorbents due to its high CO₂ capture capacity, low regeneration temperature, and good thermal stability. However, its widespread application is limited by the high cost of silicon sources and insufficient cycling performance. Low?cost fly ash was used as silicon source to synthesize Li₄SiO₄ via solid?state and impregnation?precipitation methods, followed by modification with K₂CO₃ doping. The materials were characterized by testing methods such as XRF, XRD, and SEM.The results show that the sorbents prepared by the solid?phase method at 700 °C (LS?700) possesses a rich pore structure and a high specific surface area of 1.584 2 m2/g, and exhibits the optimal sorption performance, with the CO? sorption capacity remaining at 0.179 7 g/g after 10 cycles. After K₂CO₃ doping, the CO₂ sorption rate increased to 0.054 5 g/(g·min), which is 1.4 times that of the undoped sample. Mechanistic studies revealed that the formation of a low?temperature eutectic layer between K₂CO₃ and Li₂CO₃ promoted CO₂ diffusion and reduced the reaction activation energy. This study provides an effective strategy for developing low?cost and high?performance Li₄SiO₄?based sorbents, demonstrating significant value for enhancing CO₂ capture efficiency from coal?fired flue gas.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is widely used in cables, building materials, artificial leather and packaging fields due to its excellent mechanical properties and good processability. However, because of its high rigidity, it needs to rely on plasticizers to endow flexibility. This paper systematically summarizes the research progress on the performance regulation of PVC by polyester plasticizers, with a focus on the structural design, synthesis methods and their application effects. Through comparative analysis of different molecular structures, branching structures and end group functionalization strategies, the influence mechanisms of polyester plasticizers on the thermal stability, mechanical properties, migration behavior and processing rheology of PVC are summarized. The results show that the rational design of the molecular structure of polyester can significantly improve the plasticizing efficiency and compatibility, and reduce the risk of plasticizer migration and volatilization. The conclusion holds that the source of bio?based monomers and green synthesis technology are the key directions for the development of polyester plasticizers. In the future, efforts should be focused on multi?functional collaborative design and large?scale preparation to promote their application in fields such as medical care, cables, and packaging, and achieve the sustainable development of high?performance and environmentally friendly PVC materials.

Annular reservoirs with gas cap and edge water face the dual challenges of gas channeling and water invasion during development,requiring timely adjustment of development strategies based on development effect evaluation.The Du X Well Block of Liaohe SG?1 Oilfield is a thin?bedded annular reservoir with gas cap and edge water developed by using natural energy.Rapid reservoir pressure decline leads to premature edge?water encroachment and gas?cap channeling,which adversely affects development efficiency.Through numerical simulation and formula?based method for development scheme comparison,it is found that thin?bedded reservoirs have small pay zone thickness and weak shielding and blocking effect on gas.Compared with water flooding,gas injection is more prone to premature breakthrough and gas channeling,resulting in poor development effect.An innovative water flooding mode is designed,featuring energy supplementation via barrier water injection at the lower part and oil production at the upper part.Injection parameters including injection rate,injection volume,and injection?production ratio are optimized using methods such as critical flow rate analysis and Weng Wenbo' Logistic Cyclical Method.The effects of inhibiting edge?water encroachment,suppressing top gas channeling,and tapping remaining oil potential are investigated.The results indicate that barrier water injection at the lower part effectively improves the block recovery factor by 3.5 percentage points compared with gas drive development and 6.5 percentage points compared with natural energy development.This study provides significant guidance for the efficient development of gas?cap edge?water annular thin?bedded reservoirs.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of crystalline porous polymers formed by linking several light elements through covalent bonds. They feature large specific surface area, excellent chemical stability, and precisely tunable pore architecture, rendering them highly promising for adsorption applications. In this work, COF-TpPa-1 demonstrated effective performance as an adsorbent for the removal of two representative organic dyes (methyl green and congo red) from aqueous solutions. Comprehensive investigations were performed to analyze the effects of various factors while examining adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. The results demonstrated that the adsorption of both methyl green and congo red onto COF-TpPa-1 followed the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, indicating a predominant monolayer adsorption mechanism.Kinetic studies showed excellent accordance with the pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the primary adsorption mechanism. The adsorption processes of COF-TpPa-1 for both dyes were endothermic and thermodynamically spontaneous.Remarkable maximum adsorption capacities of 253.17 mg/g for methyl green and 166.39 mg/g for congo red were achieved at 313 K. Furthermore, ethanol treatment enabled efficient dye desorption and adsorbent regeneration.

This study uses short?term gas supply prediction for storage facilities as the seasonal peak?shaving volume.This approach ensured supply reliability while improving the operational efficiency and economic benefits of storage facilities,tackling the supply?demand imbalance caused by seasonal peak?valley differences.Accurate prediction of downstream users' natural gas demand could effectively reflect the required short?term gas supply from storage.Daily natural gas consumption data from a specific region during 2021-2024 was selected.Incorporating temperature variations and date types,the study comprehensively considers trend components,seasonal patterns, and holiday effects.A Prophet forecasting model suitable for predicting short?term gas supply from storage was proposed.Four performance metrics?Mean Absolute Error (r_MAE),Mean Absolute Percentage Error (r_MAP),Root Mean Square Error (r_RMS),and Coefficient of Determination (R²)?were used to comparatively evaluate the Prophet model against five other common models (including STL decomposition and VARMAX).The results show that the Prophet model achieves an r_MAE of 13.15 m3,an r_MAP of 2.71%,an r_RMS of 16.52 m3,and an R2 of 0.99 on the test set,which is significantly superior to other models.During the winter gas consumption peak period,its prediction error can be controlled within 5%.By integrating two exogenous variables?climatic conditions and date types.The Prophet model can accurately capture the seasonal and sudden fluctuation characteristics of natural gas consumption of downstream users, improve the prediction accuracy of gas storage supply,and provide key data support for peak?shaving and supply guarantee of gas storage reservoirs.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) foam fracturing fluid features the advantages of low water consumption, weak reservoir damage, and excellent stimulation performance, making it particularly suitable for the extraction of water⁃sensitive unconventional shale oil and gas as well as coalbed methane. To address the poor stability of traditional CO₂ foam fracturing fluids, flake⁃structured nano⁃graphene oxide (GO) was used to modify the CO2 foam fracturing fluid. The CO₂ foam fracturing fluid was prepared in a sealed reactor, and the variation of foam half⁃life with surfactant type was investigated by visual observation to optimize the formulas. Subsequently, the effects of surfactant type, concentration, and temperature on the stability of the CO₂ foam fracturing fluid were studied. The results show that the addition of GO to the octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (OTAC) system leads to a large amount of flocculent material and fails to stabilize the foam. In contrast, the α⁃olefin sulfonate (AOS) system exhibits good compatibility with GO. The formula of 0.50%AOS+1.00%NaCl+0.25%GO presents high foam quality, and the introduction of GO significantly improves the temperature resistance of the foam system. A foam liquid film model was constructed using Materials Studio, and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to reveal the synergistic foam⁃stabilizing mechanism and failure mechanism of GO at the molecular level. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the development of oil and gas reservoirs.

Inspection of long-term operating atmospheric and vacuum distillation units reveals that non-uniform thinning frequently occurs in the outlet pipeline of the atmospheric tower overhead air cooler, with local thinning rates exceeding 30%. The risk of pipeline perforation and rupture increased significantly, which could easily cause overhead oil and gas leakage. Analyses were carried out from some dimensions including pipeline material, operating condition and process anticorrosion technology. The results show that pipeline wall thinning primarily originates from erosion corrosion induced by gas-liquid two-phase flow, as well as under-deposit corrosion resulting from ammonium salt crystal deposition in the low-temperature zone at the atmospheric tower overhead. In response to this problem, a series of anti-corrosion optimization plans were proposed, including improving pipeline materials, introducing ultrasonic-electric desalination synergistic demulsification technology, strengthening crude oil demulsification to reduce the amount of chloride ions carried, expanding overhead water injection volume, and adding online desalination facilities. Relevant measures can effectively mitigate the corrosion rate of the tower overhead system, extend the service life of the equipment, and provide technical support for the safe, stable, and long-term operation of atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit.

Microbiologically corrosion is a critical factor contributing to the degradation of marine engineering infrastructure.Electrochemical methods and slow strain rate tensile(SSRT) tests were employed to evaluate the effect of cathodic protection (CP) on the corrosion behavior of X70 pipeline steel in marine environments containing sulfate⁃reducing bacteria (SRB).Together with microstructural characterization,the stress corrosion cracking(SCC) mechanism of X70 steel in SRB⁃containing marine environments was analyzed.The results indicate that CP potentials of -0.775,-0.850 V promoted SRB growth.When the CP potential reached -1.000 V,it not only promoted the proliferation of SRB but also accelerated their transition into the decline phase.In the absence of applied stress,the optimal CP potential for X70 steel in SRB⁃containing marine environments was -0.850 V.Without CP,the SCC mechanism of X70 steel was a hybrid mode involving anodic dissolution induced by the marine environment and hydrogen⁃induced cracking caused by SRB.At CP potentials of -0.775,-0.850 V,the SCC mechanism was dominated by SRB⁃induced hydrogen⁃induced cracking.When the CP potential was -1.000 V,the SCC mechanism was a hybrid mechanism jointly induced by anodic dissolution caused by the marine environment and hydrogen⁃induced cracking induced by the CP potential.The synergistic effect of SRB and CP significantly increased the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of X70 steel in marine environments.

Microscopic pore throat structure is the key focus and challenge of tight sandstone reservoir research.Regarding the Chang 6 tight sandstone in the Jiyuan area of the Ordos Basin,casting thin sections,scanning electron microscopy,and constant rate mercury injection experiments were used,and fractal theory was introduced to study its pore throat characteristics.The study shows that the pore throat of tight sandstone can be divided into two types:large⁃scale and small⁃scale.The large⁃scale pore throats are mainly dissolution pores,composite pores and curved lamellar throats.The pore throat has large storage space,obvious pore throat deformation,strong heterogeneity and large fractal dimension.The small⁃scale pore throats are strongly compacted and cemented, and mainly consist of intergranular pores,intercrystalline pores and necked throats with little deformation of pore⁃throat space,weak heterogeneity and small fractal dimension.There is a good positive correlation between the fractal dimension and the effective reservoir space.The better the reservoir is,the stronger the heterogeneity will be,and the larger the fractal dimension will be.There is also a good correlation between the fractal dimension and the pore throat structure parameter.The pore throat distribution is uneven,the connectivity is poor,the larger the fractal dimension will be.The mass fraction of clay minerals is an important factor affecting the fractal dimension of pore throat,which in turn reflects the quality and pore throat characteristics of reservoirs.

Currently, many methods for calculating oil saturation primarily rely on static methods, which are mainly used to calculate initial oil saturation and are not suitable for calculating dynamic oil saturation during the development process. To address the limitations of existing dynamic calculation methods, a general relationship between the oil?water relative permeability ratio and water saturation was derived based on the general formula for oil?water relative permeability. Through the ln(1+x) series expansion, a trinomial formula was obtained, which enables full?range fitting of the oil?water relative permeability ratio and facilitates engineering application，overcoming the drawback that previous linear formulas could only fit the middle range. By establishing the relationship between the oil?water relative permeability ratio and water cut through water cut definition and radial flow formulas, we further develop a cubic polynomial function relationship between water saturation and water cut. When the water cut of a block, single well, or single layer is known, this relationship can be used to calculate water saturation at different development stages, and then oil saturation can be derived. The research method can provide a basis for the deployment of encryption well position, fine water injection and other adjustment measures.

Gold nanoparticles （Au NPs） exhibit great application potential in the reduction of aromatic nitro compound pollutants, owing to their nanoscale size effects and excellent catalytic properties. However, their tendency to aggregate has hindered practical applications. In this study, perfusion silica gel microspheres （PSM） with a hierarchical porous structure comprising macropores, mesopores, and perfusion pores were used as a support material. The surface of the PSM was first modified with thiol groups and then combined with gold nanoparticles to fabricate Au NPs/PSM composite microspheres. These composite microspheres were characterized by SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and XRD. The catalytic performance of the Au NPs/PSM catalyst in reducing 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol was investigated. The results showed that the composite microspheres retained their perfusion channels, and the Au NPs were uniformly distributed on the PSM surface. The average size of the Au NPs was approximately 4.8 nm, with a mass loading fraction of 2.72%. The Au NPs/PSM composite was employed as a catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. At 30 °C, the catalytic reaction followed first-order kinetics, with a rate constant of 0.103 min?1. The composite microspheres demonstrate excellent catalytic activity, good stability, and high recyclability.

The industrialization of all-vanadium flow batteries（VFB） is currently hindered by the inherent trade-off between proton conductivity and vanadium ion rejection in ion exchange membrane materials.To address this challenge,a novel membrane architecture was innovatively proposed by constructing a composite membrane loaded with S-SN nanosheets.The performance of the composite membrane was systematically evaluated through micro-morphology characterization,physicochemical analyses including proton conduction and mechanical strength,as well as battery polarization behavior and constant-current discharge stability tests.The results demonstrate that the prepared composite membrane achieves a coulombic efficiency of 96.4% and an energy efficiency of 76.81% at a high current density of 200 mA/cm².After 500 cycles,the membrane exhibits excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 74.91%.By precisely regulating the membrane structure, this innovative design successfully resolves the balance dilemma of ion-selective transport,providing a new strategy for developing cost-effective and stable energy storage membranes.

After the commissioning of gas storage facilities in edge-bottom water gas reservoirs, issues such as insufficient storage capacity and reduced peak shaving capacity often arise. In response to the differentiated vertical water invasion distribution and complex fault characteristics in block M, a differentiated water energy modeling method was adopted to simulate the impact of 3.2 to 14.0 times of water energy on the operation of the gas storage. The static evaluation of fault SGR was combined with dynamic failure prediction pressure, and the safe operation pressure of the gas storage was designed based on the "short board effect". Various well patterns were simulated and compared. Ultimately, a composite well pattern featuring "horizontal wells as the mainstay and vertical wells as a supplement" was adopted, with the deployment of 22 injection-production wells. A water control strategy of "low-speed slow injection at high structural positions" was implemented, leveraging the well pattern dominated by horizontal wells to enhance injection-production efficiency. The daily gas injection capacity of a single well reached 340 000 cubic meters, which is 2.1 times that of a vertical well. Practice has confirmed the feasibility of constructing gas storage facilities in edge-bottom water gas reservoirs, and this study provides important reference value for the optimal design of similar gas storage facilities.

In view of the characteristics of high porosity and high permeability in heavy oil reservoirs,together with the high⁃intensity injection⁃production conditions,challenges such as thermal fluid channeling,sudden increase in water cut,and deteriorating development performance have become increasingly prominent in the middle and late stages of steam flooding.Therefore,new technologies are urgently needed to further enhance development efficiency.The variation laws of thermal fluid temperature field and saturation field were investigated via numerical simulation and laboratory simulation experiments,on the basis of which the thermochemical⁃gas alternating flooding technology was studied.The results show that in the middle and late stages of the conversion from cyclic steam stimulation to steam flooding in thin heavy oil reservoirs,thermal communication occurs in some wells within the well group;the expansion radius of the temperature field reaches 100~140 m,and the water cut rises to 74%. According to the analysis of the heating chamber expansion law,the area ratio of the heated zone to the unheated zone in the reservoir is close to 1∶1,and the remaining oil in the unheated zone is abundant but not effectively produced.By optimizing the composite system composed of high⁃temperature reinforced foam and high⁃temperature⁃resistant low⁃viscosity consolidated gel, the plugging efficiency can exceed 97.0%,realizing fluid diversion and enabling the recovery of enriched remaining oil.A process is proposed that utilizes the residual heat in the formation supplemented by hot water,combined with alternate injection of flue gas and other gases.Numerical simulation results indicate that the oil recovery factor can be improved by approximately 2.00%.

A large amount of boil-off gas (BOG) is generated during the storage and transportation of liquefied natural gas,which results in not only resource wastage but also potential safety hazards.Therefore,the liquefied natural gas-adsorbed natural gas (LNG-ANG) coupling technology has attracted increasing attention from researchers.Developing efficient and stable adsorbents is the core key to the practical application of this technology.In view of the requirements of LNG-ANG coupling technology for adsorbents, this paper summarizes the research progress of metal-organic framework materials (MOFs) in methane adsorption at low temperature (about 159 K).By comparing the advantages and limitations of adsorption at low temperatures (159 K) with at room temperature (298 K),several MOFs materials that are more conducive to the adsorption and storage of methane are listed,including flexible MOFs,highly porous MOFs,hierarchically porous MOFs and MOF composites,aiming to offer references and guidance for the practical industrial application of MOFs in LNG-ANG coupling technology.

The hydrogenation process in oil fields is a crucial step for improving oil quality and reducing pollutant emissions during crude oil processing. In the context of "dual carbon", the greenization of hydrogen supply mode has become a key factor in industry transformation. The traditional hydrogen production mode has a higher carbon emission intensity and is seriously out of sync with the low-carbon development requirements of the oil and gas industry. Therefore, it is of greater practical significance to develop green and safe hydrogen production methods. This paper uses a mixture of (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ and dicyandiamide as the precursor and prepares porous g-C₃N₄ (pg-C₃N₄) through a thermal polymerization method. The microstructure, light absorption capacity, chemical structure, and crystal structure of pg-C₃N₄ are analyzed by TEM, XRD, DRS, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The photocatalysis hydrogen production from water splitting and the degradation of pollutants over pg-C₃N₄ are also investigated. The results show that the specific surface area of pg-C₃N₄ is approximately 49 m²/g. The results show that the specific surface area of pg-C?N? is approximately 49 m2/g. Compared with bulk g-C?N?, pg-C?N? possesses a larger specific surface area and a relatively higher separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, thereby significantly enhancing its performance in water splitting for hydrogen production under visible light as well as its activity in decomposing Rhodamine B (RhB). Moreover, it can maintain good performance and structural stability. This paper provides a green hydrogen production method for the development of hydrogenation processes in oil fields.

With the continuous rise of energy conservation and environmental protection standards, optimizing the high temperature cleaning performance of lubricating oil and reducing engine piston deposits have become a top priority in the field of lubricating oil. In this study, the heat pipe oxidation test was adopted to conduct oxidation deposit tests on ethylene?propylene copolymer （OCP?type viscosity index improver）at 250, 280, and 310 ℃ respectively. Characterization of the wall deposits was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy （FT?IR）, Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy （SEM/EDS）, and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance （¹H?NMR） to analyze their morphological features, elemental composition, and functional group structures. The results indicate that at a temperature of 250 ℃, the deposit contents of the base oil and the mixed sample (1% mass fraction of OCP?type viscosity index improver + 99% mass fraction of base oil) were relatively close. The deposit amount of the mixed sample was greater than that of the base oil at 280 ℃, and the contents of C and S elements increased in this deposit, while the content of O element decreased. Due to the synergistic effect between the OCP and the base oil, the changes in hydrocarbons and oxygen?containing functional groups in the deposits of the mixed sample were reduced at 310 ℃, and sulfides escaped in the form of SO?, leading to a decrease in S element content.

Electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production is a crucial technological approach for renewable energy storage and utilization. Based on the hydrogen evolution reaction mechanism, this paper systematically reviews the structural evolution of hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts from bulk materials, multidimensional nanostructures, to nanoclusters, single atoms, and single atom-nanocluster synergistic systems from the perspective of size regulation of active components. Extensive literature studies demonstrate that as the size of active species decreases, the metal atom utilization efficiency of catalysts significantly improves. Nanocluster and single atom catalysts exhibit intrinsic activity surpassing traditional bulk materials due to their unique quantum size effects and coordination environments while reducing noble metal usage. Notably, the synergistic system of single atoms and nanoclusters effectively promotes water molecule dissociation and hydrogen desorption through a dual-site mechanism, significantly enhancing alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction kinetics. Based on this, future research should focus on multi-scale structural regulation and precise synthesis, deeply elucidate the dynamic structure-activity relationships during the reaction process, and thereby design low-cost catalysts with high activity, high stability, and broad pH adaptability.

With the global demand for clean energy and efficient energy storage technologies continually rising,lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are being increasingly utilized in electric vehicles,portable electronic devices,and large-scale energy storage systems. Conductive additives,as essential components of electrode materials,play a crucial role in enhancing the electrochemical performance of LICs by constructing efficient conductive networks.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the roles, types,and effects of conductive additives in LICs,with a particular emphasis on the application examples and advantages of emerging additives such as graphene and carbon nanotubes.Furthermore,the synergistic effects of composite conductive additives are discussed,along with an analysis of the current industrial status and future development trends of conductive additives.This review aims to offer theoretical insights and practical references for the optimized design and application development of LICs.