Study on the Stabilization Mechanism of CO2 Foam Fracturing Fluid Modified by Nano⁃Graphene Oxide

doi:10.12422/j.issn.1006-396X.2026.02.009

Abstract

Abstract:

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) foam fracturing fluid features the advantages of low water consumption, weak reservoir damage, and excellent stimulation performance, making it particularly suitable for the extraction of water⁃sensitive unconventional shale oil and gas as well as coalbed methane. To address the poor stability of traditional CO₂ foam fracturing fluids, flake⁃structured nano⁃graphene oxide (GO) was used to modify the CO2 foam fracturing fluid. The CO₂ foam fracturing fluid was prepared in a sealed reactor, and the variation of foam half⁃life with surfactant type was investigated by visual observation to optimize the formulas. Subsequently, the effects of surfactant type, concentration, and temperature on the stability of the CO₂ foam fracturing fluid were studied. The results show that the addition of GO to the octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (OTAC) system leads to a large amount of flocculent material and fails to stabilize the foam. In contrast, the α⁃olefin sulfonate (AOS) system exhibits good compatibility with GO. The formula of 0.50%AOS+1.00%NaCl+0.25%GO presents high foam quality, and the introduction of GO significantly improves the temperature resistance of the foam system. A foam liquid film model was constructed using Materials Studio, and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to reveal the synergistic foam⁃stabilizing mechanism and failure mechanism of GO at the molecular level. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the development of oil and gas reservoirs.

Key words: Carbon dioxide, Foam fracturing fluid, Nano?graphene oxide, Stabilization mechanism, Molecular dynamics simulations

摘要：

CO₂泡沫压裂液具有耗水量低、储层伤害小、改造效果好的优点，特别适用于水敏性非常规页岩油气及煤岩气的开采。为解决传统CO₂泡沫压裂液稳定性差的问题，采用片状结构纳米氧化石墨烯（GO）改性CO₂泡沫压裂液，使用密闭反应釜配制CO₂泡沫压裂液；通过观测法研究泡沫半衰期随表面活性剂种类的变化规律，并以此为依据进行了配方优选；研究了表面活性剂种类、浓度及温度对CO2泡沫压裂液稳定性的影响。结果表明，十八烷基三甲基氯化铵（OTAC）体系中加入纳米GO后会产生大量絮凝物，无法实现稳泡效果，而α⁃烯基磺酸（AOS）体系与纳米GO的配伍性良好；0.50%AOS+1.00%NaCl+0.25%GO（以上百分数均为质量分数）这一配方的泡沫质量较高，且纳米GO的加入显著提高了泡沫体系的耐温性能。借助Materials Studio软件构建泡沫液膜模型，开展分子动力学模拟，从分子层面揭示纳米GO的协同稳泡机制及失效原因，为油气藏的开发提供了一定的理论依据和技术支撑。

关键词: 二氧化碳, 泡沫压裂液, 纳米氧化石墨烯, 稳定性, 分子动力学模拟

CLC Number:

TE39

Fan LI, Zhiguo WANG, Ran ZHOU, Qian ZOU, Dongyao JIA. Study on the Stabilization Mechanism of CO₂ Foam Fracturing Fluid Modified by Nano⁃Graphene Oxide[J]. Journal of Petrochemical Universities, 2026, 39(2): 72-80.

李凡, 王治国, 周然, 邹倩, 贾栋尧. 纳米氧化石墨烯改性CO₂泡沫压裂液稳定机理研究[J]. 石油化工高等学校学报, 2026, 39(2): 72-80.

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URL: https://journal.lnpu.edu.cn/syhg/EN/10.12422/j.issn.1006-396X.2026.02.009

https://journal.lnpu.edu.cn/syhg/EN/Y2026/V39/I2/72

Figures/Tables 12

Fig.1 Experimental flow chart of CO2 foam stability

Fig.2 Morphology of CO2 foam at initial time in different surfactants

Fig.3 Microscopy of AOS?CO2 foam fracturing fluid

Fig.4 Variation curve of CO2 foam volume with time in different types of surfactants

Fig.5 Morphologies of CO2 foams at initial moment with different surfactants and formulations

Fig.6 Time varying curve of CO2 foam volume in surfactants with different mass fractions

Fig.7 Variation of the half?life of AOS?CO2 foam fracturing fluid with temperature

Table 1 Parameter settings of foam model

模型	纳米颗粒数量/个	单个纳米颗粒截面积/nm²	表面活性剂分子数量/个	单个表面活性剂截面积/nm²	水分子数量/个	模型尺寸/nm³
OTAC	-	-	4×4×2	0.7×0.7	1 000	2.800×2.800×15.538
OTAC⁃GO	2×2×2	1.4×1.4	4×4×2	0.7×0.7	1 000	2.800×2.800×16.998
AOS	-	-	4×4×2	0.7×0.7	1 000	2.800×2.800×14.557
AOS⁃GO	2×2×2	1.4×1.4	4×4×2	0.7×0.7	1 000	2.800×2.800×16.040

Fig.8 Molecular simulation results of foam liquid membrane in different surfactants

Fig.9 Mean square displacement curve of water molecules perpendicular to the liquid film direction in different foam systems

Table 2 Diffusion coefficients of water molecules perpendicular to the liquid film in different systems

模型	水分子扩散系数×10⁴/（nm²·ps^-1）
AOS	6.5
AOS⁃GO	6.4
OTAC	7.6
OTAC⁃GO	7.8

Fig.10 Mechanism of interaction between OTAC and AOS surfactants with nano?GO

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Study on the Stabilization Mechanism of CO₂ Foam Fracturing Fluid Modified by Nano⁃Graphene Oxide

纳米氧化石墨烯改性CO₂泡沫压裂液稳定机理研究

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Figures/Tables 12

References 34

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