In order to improve the demulsification efficiency,reduce the processing cost and decrease the damage to the environment during demulsification of oily emulsions,nanoparticles(NPs) have attracted much attention in the field of demulsification,due to their strong controllability and multiple advantages.First,the demulsification mechanisms for magnetic and non⁃magnetic nanoparticles in demulsification were reviewed,providing strategy for the development of new demulsifiers. Secondly,the preparation methods and applications of nanoparticles were summaried.Finally,based on the development of crude oil extraction technology,the current advantages,remaining doubts and difficulties of nanoparticles in the field of demulsification were points out,as well as, the prospects for future research.

Excessive CO₂ emission caused by a large number of human activities is the main cause of global warming,so a method to effectively control the increase in CO₂ concentration is urgently needed.Currently,direct air capture is the only technology capable of achieving negative growth of carbon emissions on a large scale.Solid amine adsorbents,especially silicon?based ones, have been widely studied and used to capture CO₂ from ambient air due to their advantages of high adsorption capacity,corrosion resistance,and low energy consumption.In this paper,silicon?based solid amine adsorbents were classified according to the mode of loading,and the influence of different silicon?based supports on the adsorbent performance was summarized.At the same time,the problems encountered in the industrial application of powdered solid amine adsorbents were put forward,and the current forming methods of solid amine adsorbents were sorted out.Finally,it is pointed out that the development of formed solid amine adsorbents with high adsorption capacity and high stability is the future trend of CO₂ adsorbent industrialization.

During the process of water electrolysis,the "bubble effect" will significantly reduce the overall performance of the system.The classical nucleation theory (CNT model） fails to reveal the regulatory mechanism of the electrical double layer (EDL),surface microstructure,and mass transfer synergy on nucleation kinetics in actual electrochemical systems.This study develops an electrode interface bubble nucleation model with the synergistic effect of electrical double layer?mass transfer?surface microstructure,considering the synergistic regulation mechanism of ion migration diffusion behavior,electrode surface nano microstructure,and concentration boundary layer on the nucleation process.The research results show that the synergistic effect of EDL and microporous structurel generates significant potential gradients at the surface micropores,leading to an increase in local supersaturation and prioritizing bubble nucleation.At high overpotentials,the effect of the concentration boundary layer on nucleation energy barrier exhibits a nonlinear relationship.The thinner the concentration boundary layer is,the more significant the decreasing trend of the nucleation rate at high potential will be.The growth of bubbles is dominated by the net concentration flux near the three?phase contact line (TPCL),exhibiting a two?stage growth characteristic.The study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the surface design of gas evolution electrodes.

 

As the society and economy move forward, energy and environmental problems have attracted extensive attention. Hydrogen energy is considered the ideal clean energy in the 21st century due to its high energy density, pollution?free attribute, abundant reserves, and wide application. As a clean production technology, hydrogen production by water electrolysis has developed vigorously under the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. The key challenge lies in the development of high?performance electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to reduce the overpotential of water splitting. This paper reviewed the current mainstream hydrogen production technologies by water electrolysis in detail and analyzed the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of each technology. Moreover,it summarized the research progress of HER catalysts and predicted the development directions of the hydrogen production technology by water electrolysis and its electrocatalysts.

High thermal stability insoluble sulfur samples were prepared by lowtemperature melting process, and the performance evaluation was carried out through a rubber vulcanization process with imported product as reference sample. The surface of the rubber "blooming" phenomenon was studied with the scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the thermal stability of insoluble sulfur sample prepared in laboratory is improved by nearly 50%. In the rubber vulcanization test, the rubber scorch time is prolonged by insoluble sulfur samples at low temperatures, and the cure rate at high temperatures is increased. Meanwhile, the "blooming" phenomenon is greatly reduced. The proformances of the insoluble sulfur sample are comparable to those of the reference sample.

The demand for a new generation of high⁃energy⁃density batteries is increasingly urgent for the present market. As one of the most promising secondary batteries, the research on cathode materials has attracted much attention. Carbon materials with biomass as the precursor have been widely applied to the research of lithium⁃sulfur battery anode materials because of their wide range of sources, easy preparation, and high environmental friendliness. This paper introduces the current research status of cathode materials, the main methods of preparing biomass⁃based carbon materials and the effect of different factor of preparation on the biomass⁃derived carbon materials and on the performance of lithium⁃sulfur batteries. In addition, the paper also introduces some examples of biomass⁃derived carbon materials improved by current methods. Finally,the future development direction in lithium⁃sulfur battery cathode materials was proposed.

An oil⁃soluble molybdenum sulfide catalyst (MS⁃1) was prepared by a ‘one⁃pot’ synthesis method and characterized using XRD,FT⁃IR,XPS,and HR⁃TEM.The hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) performance toward methyl oleate and the hydrotreating capability for waste oils (with phosphorus,chlorine,and total metal contents of 18.14,138.80,and 173.60 µg/g,respectively) were evaluated in a high⁃pressure reactor.The results indicate that two⁃dimensional monolayer MoS2 active species were generated in situ during reaction,and the synthesized catalyst exhibited excellent overall performance.Under the conditions of a catalyst dosage of 380 µg/g,a reaction temperature of 360 °C,an initial H2 pressure of 4.0 MPa,and a reaction time of 3.0 h,the deoxygenation rates of methyl oleate and waste cooking oil reached 99.2% and 99.7%,respectively.The acid value and bromine value of the waste oil were significantly reduced from 173.60 mgKOH/g and 117.70 gBr/(100 g) to 5.28 mgKOH/g and 5.65 gBr/(100 g).The removal efficiencies of phosphorus,chlorine, and total metals were 92.17%,93.87%,and 96.92%,respectively.

Nylon 66(PA66),as an important engineering plastic,features excellent mechanical properties,wear resistance and heat resistance,and is widely used in the automotive,electronic,mechanical and aerospace fields.However,its inherent high hygroscopicity,poor low-temperature toughness,insufficient processing fluidity and inadequate flame retardancy limit its application in some high-performance scenarios.In recent years,significant progress has been made in the modification research of PA66.Mainly through various means such as physical blending,chemical grafting, and copolymerization modification,its microstructure and macroscopic properties are regulated,thereby preparing composite materials with high strength,high toughness, low water absorption rate,excellent flame retardancy or thermal conductivity.This article introduces the research progress of various high-performance PA66 composites in recent years,analyzes the influence of various modification strategies on the structure and performance of the materials,and the preparation of various high-performance PA66 composites has expanded the application scope of PA66,which is more conducive to its development in high-performance and functional industries such as new energy and automobiles.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is generally used for phthalate plasticizers, because of its high plasticizing efficiency. These phthalate plasticizers will cause the problems of durability, toxicity and potential carcinogenicity, they can make service life shorter, endanger human and animal health. So it has been gradually replaced by the new type of plasticizer. Polyester plasticizer is a kind of green environmental protection plasticizer and can better solve the disadvantage of traditional plasticizer, so it was widely studied at home and abroad. In this article, plasticizing mechanism(Lubricity theory, Gel theory, Free volume theory), selection criteria, synthesis and classification of the polyester plasticizer are introduced. The polyester plasticizer is mainly divided into two categories:biological polyester plasticizer and petroleum polyester plasticizer.

Alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether surfactants have good emulsifying properties and are common raw materials for silicone oil emulsifiers, however, the by-products and their final metabolites in the production process are highly toxic and can not meet the EU requirements on environmentally friendly surfactants. The non-ionic surfactant complex system without alkylphenol polyoxyethylene ether as silicone oil emulsifier was studied in this paper. The experiments were designed and optimized with uniform design software. Under the condition that the quality fraction of emulsifier was 7%, different kinds of non-ionic surfactants were used as emulsifiers to determine the value range of each factor and set an appropriate level within this range. According to factor number and level number, the appropriate uniform design table was selected for factor horizontal data arrangement, and the experimental points in the uniform design table were tested. The obtained experimental data were analyzed by regression analysis, the regression model was established, and the optimized experimental points of the regression equation were verified experimentally. The synergistic effect of surfactants and the effect on the stability of emulsified silicone oil were investigated. The optimal environmentally friendly nonionic silicone oil emulsifier without alkylphenol polyoxyethylene was obtained.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) exhibit excellent performance of electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution due to their variable ions within layers,exchangeability of anions between layers,and large reaction surfaces.In addition,LDHs?based derivatives can equip catalysts with multiple functions and better performance,which show significant advantages and excellent application prospects in many fields.In this paper,the properties of LDHs?based lamellar structure,such as tunable property,ability to be delaminated and assembled,and structural memory effect,as well as common preparation methods involved in LDHs?based high?efficiency electrocatalysts,such as the delamination method,co?precipitation method,and hydrothermal method have been stematically analyzed.In addition,the applications of LDHs and their compound derivatives were systematically reviewed in electrocatalytic fields,including the oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction by water electrolysis, the electrocatalytic oxidation reaction of ethanol,and the oxygen reduction reaction.Finally,the problems and solutions involved in LDHs materials were analyzed and predicted.

As the core of heavy oil upgrading, fluid catalytic cracking(FCC) units have long been the main pillar of economic benefits for petrochemical enterprises in China.This paper reviews the development history of domestic FCC technology and summarizes the current status of FCC technology from three perspectives based on target products:Oil production technology,light olefin maximization technology,and product structure adjustment technology.It emphasizes summarizing the design concepts,main characteristics and commercial application of different FCC technologies,with a particular focus on comparing the differences in reactor types and catalyst.Additionally,research efforts aimed at improving oil quality to meet market demands,enhancing the yields of low?carbon olefins,BTX(benzene,toluene,xylene),and other basic chemical raw materials,as well as optimizing their selectivities,are discussed,providing viable technical solutions for high?quality enterprise development.Future research priorities for FCC technology include feedstock heavy and diversified processing,product quality improvement,flexible product structure adjustment,and cleaner production processes.

With the rise of electric revolution and the establishment of "carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality" strategy, petroleum coke has got great development in value?added applications such as lithium cathode materials and high?grade prebaked anode.However,high value?added applications of petroleum coke all have strict requirements for sulfur content of petroleum coke. The high sulfur content in petroleum coke will have a negative impact on the high value application of petroleum coke.The research status of main desulphurization technologies of petroleum coke,including solvent extraction desulfurization technology,high temperature calcination desulfurization technology,oxidation desulfurization technology, alkali metal compound desulfurization technology,hydrodesulfurization technology,microbial desulfurization technology and process intensification auxiliary desulfurization technology are summarized.It was found that the desulphurisation rate of process?enhanced assisted desulphurisation could reach 93.6%,which could reduce the sulphur mass fraction in petroleum coke from 7.57% to 0.48%. The desulfurization technology of petroleum coke should maintain the principle that the structure of petroleum coke after desulfurization is not destroyed to the greatest extent.Therefore,oxidative desulfurization coupled process enhancement assisted desulfurization should have bright prospect in industrial application of petroleum coke desulphurization.

With the increasing requirements of the sealing industry and the development of the industry, the design and manufacturing technology of mechanical seals is one of the most important key objects in the field of fluid transmission and control. Besides，higher requirements of the development of mechanical seals was also put forward. In order to promote the development of mechanical seal technology, the paper briefly introduces the future development of mechanical seal from the perspective of solving the problems of mechanical seal.The main development trends of mechanical seals are point out, such as higher sealing performance under extreme working conditions, service life and stability under conventional working conditions. In view of controllable mechanical seal, combination of mechanical seal intelligence and seal will become the development trend of mechanical seal in the future.

The activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by cobalt?based catalysts has the advantages of high catalytic activity, simple operation, easy recyclability, and low cost. Hence, it has attracted much attention in the field of advanced oxidation processes in recent years. This paper reviewed typical methods for the synthesis of cobalt?based catalysts, including solid phase, gas phase, and liquid phase methods. Several types of cobalt?based catalysts for PMS activation, including cobalt oxides with special morphologies, supported cobalt catalysts, and cobalt?based composite metal oxides, were summarized. The applications of these cobalt?based catalysts in environmental remediation via PMS activation were also elaborated, such as the degradation of organic dyes, endocrine?disrupting chemicals, and pharmaceutical and personal care products. Finally, the current shortcomings of cobalt?based catalysts in PMS activation were summarized, and some future research directions in this area were proposed.

A single?mode focused microwave synthesis system was used to rapidly synthesize MIL?53(Fe).The effect of reaction additive hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB) on the crystal structure, morphology, and particle size of MIL?53(Fe), as well as the microwave synthesis conditions on catalytic performance of MIL?53(Fe) were investigated using 10 mg/L Rhodamine B as a target contaminant. The results show that the addition of CTAB reduces the size of MIL?53(Fe) and makes the shape more regular. When the microwave power is 75 W,the temperature is 100 ℃,the synthesis time is 1 h,n(FeCl₃·6H₂O)/n (CTAB)=1∶0.5,the catalyst dosage is 0.2 g/L,the degradation rate of Rhodamine B can be more than 90% in 100 minutes under the radiation of 300 W tungsten lamp. It was known from free radical capture experiments that holes and ·OH were the main active species in the photocatalytic process.

Aiming at the problems of conventional temporary plugging materials in horizontal shale gas wells in Sichuan, such as insignificant increase in temporary plugging pressure, easy shedding under low pressure difference and poor plugging effect, long‑acting and short‑acting temporary plugging knots for perforation plugging were prepared. Their degradation performance and pressure‑bearing plugging performance were evaluated, the influence of injection method on plugging efficiency was explored, and a temporary plugging knot injection device was developed, thus forming a knot‑based temporary plugging fracturing technology for shale gas. The results show that in polymer slick‑water fracturing fluid at 90 ℃, the degradation rate of long‑acting temporary plugging knots is less than 10% within 83 h and more than 99% after 174 h, while that of short‑acting temporary plugging knots is less than 10% within 5 h and more than 99% after 24 h. Both types of temporary plugging knots exhibit static pressure‑bearing capacity higher than 50.0 MPa and dynamic plugging efficiency above 90%. The maximum single injection capacity of the device is 60 temporary plugging knots with a size of 18~20 mm, and the injection rate is adjustable from 1 to 60 knots per minute. Field tests were carried out in Well Ning‑A, a horizontal shale gas well, including 5 stages of inter‑stage temporary plugging and 6 stages of intra‑stage temporary plugging in casing‑deformed intervals. The average post‑plugging pressure increases were 9.0 MPa and 5.6 MPa, respectively. Field microseismic monitoring shows obvious differences in event points before and after temporary plugging, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed technology.

The high nickel cathode material LiNi _x Co _y Mn_1-x-y O₂(x≥0.6,NCM) is considered to be one of the most valuable cathode materials for lithium?ion batteries due to its low cost,high energy density and long service life.Although the high nickel content leads to a significant increase in the specific capacity and energy density of NCM,the increase in nickel content leads to poor cycling and thermal stability,which severely limits its practical application.Doping modification is an effective strategy to improve the structural stability and electrochemical performance of NCM.In this review,the common doping preparation methods of NCM are first described in detail.Subsequently,the effects of various doped elements on the lithium storage,rate performance and cycling performance of NCM were systematically analyzed.Finally,the development and future challenges of NCM are prospected,which is expected to provide an important reference for the application of NCM.

With the significant increase in the price of lithium?ion batteries,low-cost,energy-efficient sodium-ion batteries have attracted widespread attention.As a bridge connecting the positive and negative materials of sodium ion batteries,the electrolyte plays a crucial role.The first coulomb efficiency,cycle stability and rate performance of sodium?ion batteries can be effectively improved by constructing suitable electrolytic liquid system for different electrode materials.In this paper,the research progress of various electrolyte additives in sodium?ion battery systems,the formation mechanism of interface film and the future research direction of electrolyte additives have been discussed.

The dual?carbon strategy highlights the urgent need to develop efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production technologies. Graphitic carbon nitride (g?C?N?) has attracted wide attention due to its low cost and excellent stability, but it suffers from insufficient visible light absorption and rapid carrier recombination, which severely restricts its hydrogen production performance. To overcome these issues, we successfully prepared boron-doped g?C₃N₄ （BCN） using a H₃BO₃?assisted segmented temperature?controlled calcination strategy, with boric acid as the boron source precursor. The effects of boron doping on the band structure and photoelectric properties of g?C₃N₄ were systematically investigated through various photoelectric characterization techniques. The results demonstrate that an appropriate level of boron doping effectively modulates the electronic structure of g-C₃N₄, enhancing its visible light absorption and improving the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers. Specifically, the BCN?2∶5 sample (with a mass ratio of H?BO? to g?C?N? of 2∶5) achieves a hydrogen evolution rate of up to 1 507 μmol/(g·h) under visible light irradiation. This study offers valuable insights and guidance for the design of highly efficient doped g?C₃N₄ photocatalysts.

As the demand for energy storage escalates, sodium?ion batteries （SIBs） are increasingly in the spotlight due to their low cost and the plentiful availability of sodium resources. Particularly, hard carbon anode materials have emerged as a focal point of research, attributed to their superior cyclic stability and elevated energy density. This review delves into the advancements in hard carbon anode materials for SIBs, encompassing the screening and design of HCs precursors, surface modifications, pore structure adjustments, carbonization induction, heteroatom doping strategies, and additional tactics to augment the performance of HCs. By thoroughly examining the influence of HCs's pore structure, surface functional groups, and microstructure on the sodium storage mechanism, the review explores the potential for optimizing HCs performance through various fabrication processes. Furthermore, the article addresses the interfacial reaction mechanisms between HCs and electrolytes, along with possible avenues for enhancing HCs's cycling and rate capabilities through interface engineering. Ultimately, the review anticipates the future trajectory of HCs technology, including the design of nanostructures, surface modifications, and green manufacturing processes, underscoring the pressing need for the development of high?performance, cost?effective, and environmentally benign SIBs.

The main development direction of helicopter main reducer lubricating oil is to improve it’s load capacity by increasing the viscosity of base oil and using new additives, and increase the reliability of main reducer. On the basis of summarizing the research progress of the helicopter main reducer lubricating oil at home and abroad, this paper points out that our country should develop 9⁃centistokes main reducer synthetic lubricating oil which meets the requirements of MIL⁃PRF⁃32538, and strengthen the research on the lubricating theory and using performance evaluation equipment of aviation lubricating oil so as to promote the adaptability of aviation oil and aviation equipment of our country.

Sodium?ion batteries are considered a promising alternative to lithium?ion and lead?acid batteries, offering a balance between performance and cost?effectiveness for applications requiring moderate energy density and low cost. Hard carbon stands out as the most promising anode material for sodium?ion batteries, with the majority of scholars attributing its sodium storage capacity primarily to its porous structure. However, characterization techniques for this porous structure are currently very limited. This hinders in?depth analysis of the hard carbon pore structure and makes it more difficult to design performance enhancement strategies. This review provides an overview of current methods for characterizing the pore structure of hard carbon, including transmission electron microscopy, gas adsorption, X?ray small angle scattering, and helium true density testing. The combined use of these methods helps accurately characterize the pore structure of hard carbon and provides research ideas and technical support for the design of high?performance hard carbon anodes.

Graphene oxide has become a popular material for research in recent years due to its unique physical and chemical properties. The preparation, functionalization, and application of graphene based composite membrane materials have become cutting?edge and popular topics. This article reviews the assembly methods and performance research of graphene oxide based composite membrane materials, including graphene oxide based composite Langmuir?Blodgett (LB) film, graphene oxide based composite electrospinning film, and other graphene oxide based composite films. It summarizes the recent research progress of graphene oxide based composite films and prospects their application prospects.

In order to better guide the cyclone design and optimization, the theoretical basis, applicability and accuracy of the prediction models of cyclone performance were investigated. Research progress on the prediction models of separation performance and pressure drop was reviewed. Combined with the influence of the particle load, particle size distribution, particle collision and coalescence, high temperature, high pressure, structure and parameters on the separation performance, the prediction models were compared and analyzed from aspects of the theoretical basis, modeling ideas and modeling tools. The results showed that prediction models were gradually rationalized but still limited. Based on the current conditions of research and application, the future direction for development of the prediction models was prospected. Comprehensive analysis of various factors' effects on the prediction models and the extension of the gassolid separation theory and prediction models to the gas-liquid separation field might be the focus of the further research．

As the global energy system accelerates its transition toward renewable energy,electrochemical energy storage devices play an increasingly vital role in ensuring power supply stability and promoting efficient energy utilization.However,low-temperature environments pose a significant challenge to the performance of electrochemical energy storage devices.Especially for widely used lithium-ion batteries,the problems such as significant decrease of charge and discharge capacity,increase of internal resistance and shortening of cycle life are particularly prominent,which seriously limits the commercialization development of lithium-ion batteries in cold regions and other scenarios.To address this challenge,this paper provides a systematic review of current research progress on the performance of electrochemical energy storage devices in low-temperature environments.First of all,focusing on the core research topic of modification and optimization of battery cathode materials and electrolyte systems.This study systematically elucidates the mechanism contributing to battery performance under low-temperature conditions,including changes in material resistivity,reduced reactivity of active materials,and increased viscosity of electrolyte materials.Then,the modification strategies of electrolyte to improve the performance of batteries under low temperature are reviewed and analyzed.In addition,other effective ways to optimize the low-temperature performance of energy storage devices and their mechanisms for improving the electrochemical performance are also expounded.

According to the characteristics of the water in low permeability oilfield, an integrated filter skid device is designed for wastewater treatment. Microfiltration membrane technology andauxiliary process of flocculation sedimentation are applied in this device. After using this device, the indexes including the content of suspended solids, the diameter of the suspended median particle and the content of oil meet the requirements of sewage reinjection in that oilfield. Then based on results of the microfiltration process, the factors which influence this process are analyzed. The effect of operating temperature and pressure is studied, and the optimum operating temperature and pressure of the metal membrane filter are obtained.

Microchemical technology is a front technology of multi⁃disciplines in chemical engineering fields. The technology core is microscale transfer and chemical reaction in microchannel reactor. The application of microchemical technology can improve resource⁃utilization efficiency for energy saving and consumption reduction, enhance security, intensification and miniaturization of the chemical process, by decreasing dispersion scale, strengthening mixing and transfer, raising control and efficiency. The technology principle, characteristics, advantage and industrial application of microchemical technology were introduced, with the aim of deepening people's understanding of the microchemical technology, and then promoting the development and application of microchemical technology.

Controlling the use of fossil fuels and promoting the development of alternative new and clean energy sources is consistent with the theme of synergistic development between resource development and environmental protection. As a green energy source with high energy density, nuclear energy can be widely applied to alleviate the energy shortage in our country. The proven uranium resource content in seawater is more than 1 000 times higher than that in uranium mines. Extracting uranium from seawater is a potential way to ensure the long?term supply of uranium resource and the sustainable development of nuclear power. Adsorption has emerged as one of the effective methods for extracting uranium from seawater due to its advantages of high adsorption efficiency, simple operation, low cost, and environmentally friendly. However, the adsorption faces a number of challenges when extracting uranium from seawater, such as the extremely low concentrations of uranium in seawater and their stable existence in the form of Ca₂UO₂(CO₃)₃ or [UO₂(CO₃)₃]^4-, as well as a large variety and quantity of coexisting ions. Therefore, the preparation of high?performance adsorbents to achieve efficient and selective separation and enrichment of uranium in seawater is one of the important research topics in the field of environmental science. In this review, the types of adsorbents for uranium extraction from seawater and the performance enhancement strategies of their properties are briefly introduced, with the aim of helping researchers in this field design promising adsorbents for practical seawater uranium extraction.

Plastics are synthetic or natural polymers that are widely used in industrial fields and daily life due to its good durability and plasticity.Among plastics,polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most commonly used.Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the commonly used plastics,which is widely used in many fields.PET is difficult to be degraded under natural circumstances without artificial treatment,which brings serious burden to the ecosystems,so the issue of degradation and regeneration of PET plastics has become a hot issue globally.Many methods such as photodegradation,thermal degradation,biodegradation,etc.,have been developed to degrade plastics.Among them,biodegradation is considered as environmental friendly and highly efficient method.Thus,the design and transformation of PET degradation has become a key issue.The main methods for degrading plastics at the present stage,the common enzymes used for degrading PET by biodegradation methods and the modification methods of PET degrading enzymes are reviewed,to provide a theoretical basis for the rapid degradation and regeneration of PET.

BIIR was synthesized by solution method and antioxidant 1520 was added in the process. In order to investigate the impact of antioxidant 1520 on the thermal degradation behavior of BIIR, the TG was used to investigate the thermal decomposition of BIIR under different heating rate. Kissinger method and FlynnWallOzawa method were used to calculate the apparent activation energy of the nonisothermal decomposition reactions of BIIR, and CoatsRedfern equation was used to deduce the thermal decomposition mechanism of BIIR added antioxidant 1520 before and after. The results showed that the activation energy calculated by Kissinger and FlynnWallOzawa methods was consistent, and the addition of antioxidant 1520 significantly improved the thermal degradation reaction apparent activation energy of BIIR. It can be deduced from the CoatsRedfern equation that the addition of antioxidant 1520 made the thermal decomposition reaction mechanism of BIIR change from the phase interface reaction mechanism into more complex chemical reaction mechanism of tertiary.

Electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to CO using renewable energy is one of the effective ways to achieve "carbon neutrality" and renewable energy storage.This review briefly described the advantages and basic principles of the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ and summarized the research progress of metal electrocatalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to CO in aqueous solutions in recent years.Specifically,this study mainly introduced the recent research progress of mono?metal nanocatalysts,bimetallic catalysts,metal?organic complex catalysts,and mono?atom catalysts,which included their influences on the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ and relevant reaction mechanisms.The introduction was conducted from several perspectives,such as the preparation of nanoparticles as well as the regulation of their composition and structure,alloy construction,structural design of metal centers as well as their ligands and carriers,and the development of mono?atom catalysts. In addition, this study summarized the advantages and disadvantages of various catalysts and predicted the development trend of metal catalysts.

When the traditional CFD method is used to solve the Navier⁃Stokes equation of incompressible flow, the pressure equation has an elliptical shape and cannot be solved, and the convergence is poor. Therefore, the traditional CFD method has certain limitations. In order to study the computational efficiency and accuracy of the lattice Boltzmann method compared with the traditional CFD method, taking the thermal diffusion problem of plates with constant temperature boundary as an example, the temperature field between the plates is solved by the finite element volume method, the finite difference method and the lattice Boltzmann method. By comparing the solution results and the number of normalized iteration steps, the feasibility, accuracy and efficiency of the lattice Boltzmann method are clarified. The results show that under the same physical model, the lattice Boltzmann method and the finite difference method are slightly better than the finite element volume method. The lattice Boltzmann method has the fastest solution speed and the least iteration steps, followed by the finite difference method, and the finite element volume method has slowest solution speed.

Nanbao shallow reservoir is a typical complex fault block reservoir. According to oil products, 60.9% of the reserves belong to conventional thin oil reservoirs. The reservoir has the geological characteristics of active marginal and bottom water, small fault block and small oil area and has come into extra high water cut stage. Because of low water flooding production rate, it is urgent to carry out technical research to further improve reservoir recovery. The paper regarded the reservoir of NmⅡ4② layer in Gao 63⁃10 block as a typical unit. According to the geological characteristics of small oil sands area and sufficient natural energy, the paper puts forward a new oil drive method named deep huff and puff. Based on the oil well，this new oil drive method can improve the swept volume and flushing efficiency and has the advantages of small scale, low investment and flexible adjustment. It provides technical reference for development and adjustment of similar reservoirs at extra⁃high water cut stage.

Against the background of fossil fuel exhaustion and lithium resources shortage,sodium?ion batteries are considered promising secondary batteries due to their abundant resources,low theoretical cost, good quick?charge performance and excellent low?temperature performance.They are expected to play a key role in developing new energy,large?scale energy storage and low?speed electric vehicles.The selected cathode material is one of the important factors influencing the energy density,cycling performance and rate performance of a sodium?ion battery.This paper reviews the cathode materials of sodium?ion batteries,including transition metal oxides, polyanionic compounds,Prussian blue compounds and organic compounds.The paper introduced the advantages and disadvantages of sodium?ion batteries,analyzed the characteristics and research focuses of various cathode materials,and provided an outlook on the development direction of cathode materials for sodium?ion batteries.

Nickel?iron (NiFe)?based transition metal catalysts have garnered significant attention in recent years for their excellent electrocatalytic performance,particularly in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).However, the catalytic efficiency of NiFe?based transition metal catalysts still has a certain gap compared with precious metal Ru or Ir, so it is necessary to modify it.Research has shown that defect engineering can effectively enhance the OER catalytic activity of NiFe?based transition metal catalysts.The types of defects in NiFe?based transition metal catalysts, the characterization methods, and the methods for constructing defect materials are summarized, and an overview the research progress of the OER study of defect?type NiFe?based transition metal catalysts is given; the challenges of defect engineering to improve the OER performance are discussed and prospects for future development are proposed.

The continuous increase in carbon emissions and the escalating severity of environmental issues, it has become a global focus of attention to explore feasible solutions. Converting CO₂ into useful fuels or chemicals through photocatalysis and electrocatalysis has garnered significant interest. TiO₂ is highly favored for its stable chemical properties, high catalytic activity, low cost, non?toxicity, and environmental friendliness. This review provides an overview of the reaction mechanisms involved in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction and electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction. It emphasizes the key applications and advantages of TiO₂ in these processes, investigates the influence of different surface modification technologies on the catalytic performance of TiO₂, explores how different morphologies of TiO₂ affect the catalytic activity and selectivity of CO₂ reduction, and discusses strategies for enhancing the catalytic performance of TiO₂?based. The overview not only contributes to the existing body of knowledge through additional experimental and theoretical research on the mechanism of titanium dioxide but also provides a scientific basis for the achievement of sustainable carbon conversion processes.

In order to resolve the limitation of the built-in catalyst database in Aspen simulations,a dual-rate kinetic model based on the Power Law (PL) formulation is proposed.The kinetic model is integrated into Aspen Plus for multi-process simulation of hydrogen production.By incorporating the influence of catalysts on the reactions during the simulation,a more realistic chemical process simulation is achieved.The dual-rate kinetic model accurately reflects actual hydrogen production conditions: increasing temperature and reducing liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) both enhance methanol conversion and simultaneously increase CO selectivity.The steam-to-carbon molar ratio has a minor impact on the reaction.By considering energy consumption,the optimal range of the steam-to-carbon molar ratio is 1.0~1.4.Under the condition in which the reaction temperature is 280 °C and the feed flow rate is 1.5 mL/min,the multi-process simulation results demonstrate that the CO concentration in the product is reduced to only 6.89 μL/L after methanol steam reforming, water-vapor shift,and CO selective oxidation.This CO concentration meets the requirements for proton exchange membrane fuel cells(PEMFC).

According to the theory of the spiral groove of the Muijderman,the MATLAB software is used to calculate the spring pressure of the dry gas seal.In this process,the gas film pressure equation is solved and a two-dimensional array about the radius and pressure is obtained. MATLAB curve fitting tool was used to fit the equation of radius and pressure.Combined with the classic example, the root pressure and the opening force of the spiral groove are calculated, and the relative error is compared with the literature, which verifies the reliability of inference calculation.The spring pressure of the working condition is obtained, which provides the basis for the design of the spring pressure and the maintenance of the spring.

After the application of a non?ionic polyether clear water agent in an oilfield in the Bohai Sea,the difficulty of dewatering crude oil in the downstream terminal treatment plant increased,and the water content of the outgoing crude oil frequently exceeded the standard.The Effect of nonionic polyether water clarifier on crude oil dehydration was researched,the reasons of difficulty in dewatering were analysed,and the emulsion could not be treated by conventional polyether demulsifier.Polyamines were synthesised from dimethylamine,dodecyl dimethyl tertiary amine and epichlorohydrin,while polyethylene?polyamines were used as cross?linking agents to synthesise polyamine copolymer emulsion breakers.The emulsion breaker can reduce the water content of the external crude oil to less than 0.5% at a concentration of 80 mg/L,and reduce the static dewatering time of the crude oil from more than 120 h to less than 48 h.This effectively solves the problem of excessive water content in the external crude oil of the terminal treatment plant.

Formation damage control of Hutubi underground gas storage (UGS) presents a serious challenge due to low formation pressure coefficient and reservoir deep invasion of wellbore working fluid under large pressure difference during drilling and completion. Mineral composition analysis, expansion capacity, wettability and permeability reduction after spontaneous imbibition measurement of reservoir rocks were conducted to reveal formation damage mechanism of Hutubi UGS. That is the clay minerals hydrated swell and dispersion of water?sensitive formation and water?blocking effect of tight sand reservoir. Drilling fluid technical countermeasure of improving inhibition, weakening liquid wettability and enhancing temporary plugging was put forward. Amine inhibitor and surfactant ABSN were selected to optimize the current used drilling fluid. Temporary plugging particle size fraction distribution was determined based on the “optimal filling” bridging plugging theory. Laboratory and field evaluation show that the optimized drilling fluid is suitable for perforation and screen pipe completion with a permeability recovery more than 90% and effective inhibition of clay swell. The results provide reference for improving formation damage control effect of depleted gas reservoir drilling and completion.

Process simulation software Aspen HYSYS was used to establish British DAVY seriesparallel methanol synthesis upon steady state process in this study. A concept of equilibrium temperature interval was used to show the distance to equilibrium state in the model of equilibrium reactor. According to the contrast results of influence of exhausted gas positions on inlet gas and outlet gas mole fraction of methanol syntheses reactors, mass flow of crude methanol, mass fraction of crude methanol and recycle gas mass flow, different exhausted gas positions were proposed. Mass flow of recycle gas could be reduced at a lower value with this new exhausted gas position, which could widen the operation flexibility of methanol synthesis process. It could play a direct role in the actual production as well as design of following new process.

With the development of renewable energy sources,emerging energy storage systems have received a lot of attention. Sodium-on batteries have attracted extensive attention in the field of large-scale energy storage due to their abundant sources, safety,low cost,environmental friendliness and ease of use.The cathode materials of sodium-ion batteries affect the key properties of the battery such as energy density,cycling performance and multiplication characteristics.Currently,three cathode materials for sodium ion batteries have entered the industrialization horizon,namely layered transition metal oxides,polyanionic compounds and Prussian blue compounds.This paper summarizes the classification,properties,and research progress of main cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries,and anticipates the prospect of the potential research.

As a classic non?metallic semiconductor photocatalyst, graphite phase carbon nitride material （g?C₃N₄） has attracted widespread attention in recent years due to its stable physical and chemical properties, reasonable band structure, low cost, easy availability, safety, and pollution?free advantages. It has good application and development prospects in the fields of environmental protection, purification and energy catalysis. However, the utilization of g?C₃N₄ in studies is significantly hampered by its tiny specific surface area, limited absorption of visible light, and high rate of recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. The basic structure, characteristics and main modifications of g?C₃N₄ are reviewed, covering modification means such as elemental doping, morphological modulation, noble metal deposition and the practical applications of g?C₃N₄ in recent years at home and abroad.

Conductive polymers have attracted the interest of scientific researchers due to their high electrical conductivity,light weight,corrosion resistance,and good electrical and optical properties.As a typical conductive polymer,polypyrrole has attracted much attention because of its simple synthesis conditions,good environmental stability,environmental friendliness,and the wide range and tunability of electrical conductivity.However,it suffers from some shortcomings such as difficulties in dissolution and melt and poor mechanical properties and processing properties,which limit its application.Composites formed by polypyrrole and other materials not only improve the original shortcomings of polypyrrole but also combine the advantages of the two to endow the materials with new properties and broaden their application fields.This paper briefly described the main synthesis methods of polypyrrole,analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of each method,and summarized its applications in the fields of supercapacitors,gas sensors,and biological tissue engineering.The paper also discussed the problems facing polypyrrole composites and corresponding solutions and provided an outlook on their future development.

Sodium metal has the advantages of abundant sources,low cost and uniform distribution,so sodium-ion batteries are considered to be one of the most promising large-scale energy storage systems.The cathode material in sodium-ion batteriesis a critical factor affecting both the electrochemical performance and production cost of the battery.Layered transition metal oxides have attracted significant attention because of their high energy density,simple synthesis method and environmental friendliness. This paper provides a comprehensive summary and review of the research on layered cathode materials from the perspective of their composition structure,phase transition mechanism,charge compensation mechanism,and modification strategies,which reveal the key factors limiting the improvement of the electrochemical performance of layered cathode materials,analyzing the effective means to inhibit phase transition process and the rational design to enhance the reversibility of anion redox reaction.Furthermore, this paper offers an outlook on future development trend.

The supported SnCl4 catalyst was prepared using activated carbon as the carrier. Different contents of BiCl3 and CuCl2 were added into SnCl4 catalyst as assistant in order to study the effect of assistant on the catalytic performance of acetylene hydrochlorination. The results showed that when the ratio of BiCl3⁃CuCl2⁃SnCl4 was 5%,10%,10%.The catalyst showed the highest activity for acetylene hydrochlorination. The conversion of acetylene can reach 94% under the conditions of hydrogen chloride/acetylene ratio 1∶1.1, reaction temperature 170 ℃ and GHSV(C2H2) of 60 h-1. The characterization results showed that the introduction of additives inhibited the loss of Sn during the reaction and thus improved the stability of the catalyst. Finally, the activity of Sn based catalyst was effectively improved.

In the development process of Block G in Dagang Oilfield, the air foam flooding system exhibits favorable oil displacement performance. However, affected by factors such as foam preparation technology, gas injection volume, gas injection rate and reservoir permeability heterogeneity, gas channeling is prone to occur during oil and gas production. To explore the mechanism of gas channeling in oil reservoirs and its impacts on oil and gas field development, experiments on the oil displacement performance of air foam flooding were conducted using a Brookfield viscometer, gas chromatograph and core flooding apparatus. The experiments investigated the effects of profile control agent types, gas injection modes and reservoir heterogeneity. Corresponding effective technologies for gas channeling control were also proposed. The results show that in the air foam flooding test with heterogeneous models, foam preferentially enters high-permeability layers, which increases seepage resistance and reduces water absorption index, thus achieving excellent effects of water control and oil production enhancement. Compared with conventional air foam flooding, the injection of Cr³⁺ polymer gel and hydrophobic associating polymer can effectively restrain gas channeling, and further improve the oil-increasing and water-reducing performance of air foam flooding. When the injection volume of gel plugging agent is 0.20 PV, the maximum increment of oil recovery factor reaches 15.23%; when the injection volume of polymer is 0.30 PV, the maximum increment of oil recovery factor is 11.35%.