A Review of Pore Structure Characterization Methods for Hard Carbon Anode Materials in Sodium⁃Ion Batteries

doi:10.12422/j.issn.1006-396X.2025.03.002

Abstract

Abstract:

Sodium?ion batteries are considered a promising alternative to lithium?ion and lead?acid batteries, offering a balance between performance and cost?effectiveness for applications requiring moderate energy density and low cost. Hard carbon stands out as the most promising anode material for sodium?ion batteries, with the majority of scholars attributing its sodium storage capacity primarily to its porous structure. However, characterization techniques for this porous structure are currently very limited. This hinders in?depth analysis of the hard carbon pore structure and makes it more difficult to design performance enhancement strategies. This review provides an overview of current methods for characterizing the pore structure of hard carbon, including transmission electron microscopy, gas adsorption, X?ray small angle scattering, and helium true density testing. The combined use of these methods helps accurately characterize the pore structure of hard carbon and provides research ideas and technical support for the design of high?performance hard carbon anodes.

Key words: Sodium?ion batteries, Hard carbon, Closed pore, Gas adsorption, X?ray small?angle scattering

摘要：

钠离子电池的综合性能介于锂离子电池与铅酸电池之间，在电池能量密度要求适中且成本敏感的诸多领域具有潜在的应用价值。硬碳是钠离子电池当前最具前景的负极材料。大多数研究认为硬碳材料内部的孔隙是其主要的储钠位点之一，但目前硬碳负极中孔结构的表征技术较为有限，这阻碍了对硬碳孔结构的深入分析，对其设计性能提升策略也带来了较大困难。对当前硬碳孔结构的表征方法进行了综述，具体包括透射电镜、气体吸附、X射线小角散射、氦气真密度测试等方法。这些方法的综合使用有助于准确描述硬碳负极的孔结构，为设计高性能硬碳负极提供研究思路和技术支撑。

关键词: 钠离子电池, 硬碳负极, 闭孔, 气体吸附, X射线小角散射

CLC Number:

TQ152

Yuke SHEN, Huan LI, Zifeng MA, Linsen LI. A Review of Pore Structure Characterization Methods for Hard Carbon Anode Materials in Sodium⁃Ion Batteries[J]. Journal of Petrochemical Universities, 2025, 38(3): 10-19.

沈雨可, 李欢, 马紫峰, 李林森. 钠离子电池硬碳负极材料的孔结构表征方法综述[J]. 石油化工高等学校学报, 2025, 38(3): 10-19.

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URL: https://journal.lnpu.edu.cn/syhg/EN/10.12422/j.issn.1006-396X.2025.03.002

https://journal.lnpu.edu.cn/syhg/EN/Y2025/V38/I3/10

Figures/Tables 8

Fig.1 Investigation of the Na-ion storage mechanism in hard carbon

Fig.2 HRTEM images of hard carbons carbonized at different temperatures[10]

Fig.3 Analysis of hard carbon pores using gas molecules of different sizes as probes[37]

Fig.4 Schematic diagram of X-ray SAXS technique[38]

Fig.5 Diffraction pattern of hard carbon

Fig.6 SAXS fitting curves of hard carbon[39]

Fig.7 Hard carbon in-situ SAXS testing device and testing curve for charging and discharging[12]

Fig.8 SAXS data examples[41]

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