The activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by cobalt?based catalysts has the advantages of high catalytic activity, simple operation, easy recyclability, and low cost. Hence, it has attracted much attention in the field of advanced oxidation processes in recent years. This paper reviewed typical methods for the synthesis of cobalt?based catalysts, including solid phase, gas phase, and liquid phase methods. Several types of cobalt?based catalysts for PMS activation, including cobalt oxides with special morphologies, supported cobalt catalysts, and cobalt?based composite metal oxides, were summarized. The applications of these cobalt?based catalysts in environmental remediation via PMS activation were also elaborated, such as the degradation of organic dyes, endocrine?disrupting chemicals, and pharmaceutical and personal care products. Finally, the current shortcomings of cobalt?based catalysts in PMS activation were summarized, and some future research directions in this area were proposed.

Electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to CO using renewable energy is one of the effective ways to achieve "carbon neutrality" and renewable energy storage.This review briefly described the advantages and basic principles of the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ and summarized the research progress of metal electrocatalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to CO in aqueous solutions in recent years.Specifically,this study mainly introduced the recent research progress of mono?metal nanocatalysts,bimetallic catalysts,metal?organic complex catalysts,and mono?atom catalysts,which included their influences on the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ and relevant reaction mechanisms.The introduction was conducted from several perspectives,such as the preparation of nanoparticles as well as the regulation of their composition and structure,alloy construction,structural design of metal centers as well as their ligands and carriers,and the development of mono?atom catalysts. In addition, this study summarized the advantages and disadvantages of various catalysts and predicted the development trend of metal catalysts.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) exhibit excellent performance of electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution due to their variable ions within layers,exchangeability of anions between layers,and large reaction surfaces.In addition,LDHs?based derivatives can equip catalysts with multiple functions and better performance,which show significant advantages and excellent application prospects in many fields.In this paper,the properties of LDHs?based lamellar structure,such as tunable property,ability to be delaminated and assembled,and structural memory effect,as well as common preparation methods involved in LDHs?based high?efficiency electrocatalysts,such as the delamination method,co?precipitation method,and hydrothermal method have been stematically analyzed.In addition,the applications of LDHs and their compound derivatives were systematically reviewed in electrocatalytic fields,including the oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction by water electrolysis, the electrocatalytic oxidation reaction of ethanol,and the oxygen reduction reaction.Finally,the problems and solutions involved in LDHs materials were analyzed and predicted.

As the society and economy move forward, energy and environmental problems have attracted extensive attention. Hydrogen energy is considered the ideal clean energy in the 21st century due to its high energy density, pollution?free attribute, abundant reserves, and wide application. As a clean production technology, hydrogen production by water electrolysis has developed vigorously under the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. The key challenge lies in the development of high?performance electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to reduce the overpotential of water splitting. This paper reviewed the current mainstream hydrogen production technologies by water electrolysis in detail and analyzed the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of each technology. Moreover,it summarized the research progress of HER catalysts and predicted the development directions of the hydrogen production technology by water electrolysis and its electrocatalysts.

Excessive CO₂ emission caused by a large number of human activities is the main cause of global warming,so a method to effectively control the increase in CO₂ concentration is urgently needed.Currently,direct air capture is the only technology capable of achieving negative growth of carbon emissions on a large scale.Solid amine adsorbents,especially silicon?based ones, have been widely studied and used to capture CO₂ from ambient air due to their advantages of high adsorption capacity,corrosion resistance,and low energy consumption.In this paper,silicon?based solid amine adsorbents were classified according to the mode of loading,and the influence of different silicon?based supports on the adsorbent performance was summarized.At the same time,the problems encountered in the industrial application of powdered solid amine adsorbents were put forward,and the current forming methods of solid amine adsorbents were sorted out.Finally,it is pointed out that the development of formed solid amine adsorbents with high adsorption capacity and high stability is the future trend of CO₂ adsorbent industrialization.

With the development of renewable energy sources,emerging energy storage systems have received a lot of attention. Sodium-on batteries have attracted extensive attention in the field of large-scale energy storage due to their abundant sources, safety,low cost,environmental friendliness and ease of use.The cathode materials of sodium-ion batteries affect the key properties of the battery such as energy density,cycling performance and multiplication characteristics.Currently,three cathode materials for sodium ion batteries have entered the industrialization horizon,namely layered transition metal oxides,polyanionic compounds and Prussian blue compounds.This paper summarizes the classification,properties,and research progress of main cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries,and anticipates the prospect of the potential research.

Controlling the use of fossil fuels and promoting the development of alternative new and clean energy sources is consistent with the theme of synergistic development between resource development and environmental protection. As a green energy source with high energy density, nuclear energy can be widely applied to alleviate the energy shortage in our country. The proven uranium resource content in seawater is more than 1 000 times higher than that in uranium mines. Extracting uranium from seawater is a potential way to ensure the long?term supply of uranium resource and the sustainable development of nuclear power. Adsorption has emerged as one of the effective methods for extracting uranium from seawater due to its advantages of high adsorption efficiency, simple operation, low cost, and environmentally friendly. However, the adsorption faces a number of challenges when extracting uranium from seawater, such as the extremely low concentrations of uranium in seawater and their stable existence in the form of Ca₂UO₂(CO₃)₃ or [UO₂(CO₃)₃]^4-, as well as a large variety and quantity of coexisting ions. Therefore, the preparation of high?performance adsorbents to achieve efficient and selective separation and enrichment of uranium in seawater is one of the important research topics in the field of environmental science. In this review, the types of adsorbents for uranium extraction from seawater and the performance enhancement strategies of their properties are briefly introduced, with the aim of helping researchers in this field design promising adsorbents for practical seawater uranium extraction.

Plastics are synthetic or natural polymers that are widely used in industrial fields and daily life due to its good durability and plasticity.Among plastics,polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most commonly used.Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the commonly used plastics,which is widely used in many fields.PET is difficult to be degraded under natural circumstances without artificial treatment,which brings serious burden to the ecosystems,so the issue of degradation and regeneration of PET plastics has become a hot issue globally.Many methods such as photodegradation,thermal degradation,biodegradation,etc.,have been developed to degrade plastics.Among them,biodegradation is considered as environmental friendly and highly efficient method.Thus,the design and transformation of PET degradation has become a key issue.The main methods for degrading plastics at the present stage,the common enzymes used for degrading PET by biodegradation methods and the modification methods of PET degrading enzymes are reviewed,to provide a theoretical basis for the rapid degradation and regeneration of PET.

In the context of addressing the energy crisis and realizing environmental sustainability, energy storage systems have received much attention. With the challenges posed by the rapid depletion of lithium resources and its uneven distribution, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) with similar electrochemical properties have gradually become a research hotspot. Hard carbon (HC) materials have become one of the highly promising anode materials for SIBs due to their abundance of resources, cost-effectiveness and high carbon conversion. Coal-based hard carbon (CHC) has become one of the competitive materials in HC precursors due to its low cost and high carbon conversion. This article reviews recent research on the preparation strategies, optimization modifications, and electrochemical properties of coal-based hard carbon materials. Furthermore, we discuss the development prospects and research directions for coal-based hard carbon materials.

The continuous increase in carbon emissions and the escalating severity of environmental issues, it has become a global focus of attention to explore feasible solutions. Converting CO₂ into useful fuels or chemicals through photocatalysis and electrocatalysis has garnered significant interest. TiO₂ is highly favored for its stable chemical properties, high catalytic activity, low cost, non?toxicity, and environmental friendliness. This review provides an overview of the reaction mechanisms involved in photocatalytic CO₂ reduction and electrocatalytic CO₂ reduction. It emphasizes the key applications and advantages of TiO₂ in these processes, investigates the influence of different surface modification technologies on the catalytic performance of TiO₂, explores how different morphologies of TiO₂ affect the catalytic activity and selectivity of CO₂ reduction, and discusses strategies for enhancing the catalytic performance of TiO₂?based. The overview not only contributes to the existing body of knowledge through additional experimental and theoretical research on the mechanism of titanium dioxide but also provides a scientific basis for the achievement of sustainable carbon conversion processes.

With the rise of electric revolution and the establishment of "carbon dioxide emission and carbon neutrality" strategy, petroleum coke has got great development in value?added applications such as lithium cathode materials and high?grade prebaked anode.However,high value?added applications of petroleum coke all have strict requirements for sulfur content of petroleum coke. The high sulfur content in petroleum coke will have a negative impact on the high value application of petroleum coke.The research status of main desulphurization technologies of petroleum coke,including solvent extraction desulfurization technology,high temperature calcination desulfurization technology,oxidation desulfurization technology, alkali metal compound desulfurization technology,hydrodesulfurization technology,microbial desulfurization technology and process intensification auxiliary desulfurization technology are summarized.It was found that the desulphurisation rate of process?enhanced assisted desulphurisation could reach 93.6%,which could reduce the sulphur mass fraction in petroleum coke from 7.57% to 0.48%. The desulfurization technology of petroleum coke should maintain the principle that the structure of petroleum coke after desulfurization is not destroyed to the greatest extent.Therefore,oxidative desulfurization coupled process enhancement assisted desulfurization should have bright prospect in industrial application of petroleum coke desulphurization.

Sodium?ion batteries have become one of the research hotspots in the field of energy storage because of their advantages of low cost and high safety. This paper tried to clarify the development history of the hard carbon anode of sodium?ion batteries and address the current disadvantages of sodium?ion batteries, such as low initial coulombic efficiency, poor stability, and insufficient high magnification performance. In addition, to explore the sodium?ion storage mechanism in hard carbon, this paper used CiteSpace to visually analyze the development process of sodium?ion batteries and reviewed the research progress of performance optimization strategies for hard carbon anode in terms of material design, structure regulation, and function design and interface optimization. Furthermore, the paper summarized and discussed the existing hard carbon sodium storage mechanisms and finally prospected the development direction of the hard carbon anode of sodium?ion batteries.

The high nickel cathode material LiNi _x Co _y Mn_1-x-y O₂(x≥0.6,NCM) is considered to be one of the most valuable cathode materials for lithium?ion batteries due to its low cost,high energy density and long service life.Although the high nickel content leads to a significant increase in the specific capacity and energy density of NCM,the increase in nickel content leads to poor cycling and thermal stability,which severely limits its practical application.Doping modification is an effective strategy to improve the structural stability and electrochemical performance of NCM.In this review,the common doping preparation methods of NCM are first described in detail.Subsequently,the effects of various doped elements on the lithium storage,rate performance and cycling performance of NCM were systematically analyzed.Finally,the development and future challenges of NCM are prospected,which is expected to provide an important reference for the application of NCM.

The demand for a new generation of high⁃energy⁃density batteries is increasingly urgent for the present market. As one of the most promising secondary batteries, the research on cathode materials has attracted much attention. Carbon materials with biomass as the precursor have been widely applied to the research of lithium⁃sulfur battery anode materials because of their wide range of sources, easy preparation, and high environmental friendliness. This paper introduces the current research status of cathode materials, the main methods of preparing biomass⁃based carbon materials and the effect of different factor of preparation on the biomass⁃derived carbon materials and on the performance of lithium⁃sulfur batteries. In addition, the paper also introduces some examples of biomass⁃derived carbon materials improved by current methods. Finally,the future development direction in lithium⁃sulfur battery cathode materials was proposed.

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is generally used for phthalate plasticizers, because of its high plasticizing efficiency. These phthalate plasticizers will cause the problems of durability, toxicity and potential carcinogenicity, they can make service life shorter, endanger human and animal health. So it has been gradually replaced by the new type of plasticizer. Polyester plasticizer is a kind of green environmental protection plasticizer and can better solve the disadvantage of traditional plasticizer, so it was widely studied at home and abroad. In this article, plasticizing mechanism(Lubricity theory, Gel theory, Free volume theory), selection criteria, synthesis and classification of the polyester plasticizer are introduced. The polyester plasticizer is mainly divided into two categories:biological polyester plasticizer and petroleum polyester plasticizer.

Powder electrocatalysts usually need adhesives for electrocatalytic performance testing,resulting in an increase in resistance,a decrease in catalyst load,and easy stripping of the catalyst under long-time testing.Ce-doped CoFe layered bimetallic hydroxides were uniformly grown on carbon cloth by one-step hydrothermal method,and the adhesive-free Ce-CoFe-P@CC self-supporting electrocatalyst was obtained by further phosphating treatment.It was characterized by XRD,SEM,TEM,N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm and XPS,and its electrocatalytic OER performance was tested.The results show that the synthesized electrode material has regular thin nanosheet morphology,and the length and thickness of the nanoflake are 2.50 μm and 0.05 μm, respectively.The doping of Ce and P optimizes the electronic structure of CoFe-LDH,promotes the charge transfer,increases the catalytically active site,and improves the durability of the electrode.The Ce-CoFe-P@CC only needs an overpotential of 187 mV at a current density of 10 mA/cm²,showing excellent OER catalytic performance.

Nickel?iron (NiFe)?based transition metal catalysts have garnered significant attention in recent years for their excellent electrocatalytic performance,particularly in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).However, the catalytic efficiency of NiFe?based transition metal catalysts still has a certain gap compared with precious metal Ru or Ir, so it is necessary to modify it.Research has shown that defect engineering can effectively enhance the OER catalytic activity of NiFe?based transition metal catalysts.The types of defects in NiFe?based transition metal catalysts, the characterization methods, and the methods for constructing defect materials are summarized, and an overview the research progress of the OER study of defect?type NiFe?based transition metal catalysts is given; the challenges of defect engineering to improve the OER performance are discussed and prospects for future development are proposed.

With the increasing requirements of the sealing industry and the development of the industry, the design and manufacturing technology of mechanical seals is one of the most important key objects in the field of fluid transmission and control. Besides，higher requirements of the development of mechanical seals was also put forward. In order to promote the development of mechanical seal technology, the paper briefly introduces the future development of mechanical seal from the perspective of solving the problems of mechanical seal.The main development trends of mechanical seals are point out, such as higher sealing performance under extreme working conditions, service life and stability under conventional working conditions. In view of controllable mechanical seal, combination of mechanical seal intelligence and seal will become the development trend of mechanical seal in the future.

To prevent accidents like the "3?12" explosion and fire incident in the hydrogenation unit of a petrochemical enterprise in Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, this study proposes the application of Hazard and Operability Analysis (HAZOP) and Safety Integrity Level (SIL) classification in the basic design phase of the emergency cut?off function hazards control project for a refining and chemical enterprise. HAZOP analysis adopts a workflow based on the parameter preference method while SIL classification is based on the LOPA (Layers of Protection Analysis) method, following the ALARP (As Low As Reasonably Practical) principle. HAZOP & SIL classification was carried out for a coking steam kerosene hydrorefining unit, a hydrogenation combined diesel hydrorefining unit and an ethylbenzene unit in a refining enterprise. A total of 12 accident scenarios were identified and 6 recommended measures were put forward. The results demonstrate that HAZOP & SIL classification can effectively assist the refining and chemical enterprise in managing the risks of intermingling pressures, maintaining control over safety production, reducing intermingling pressure risks to an acceptable level, or eliminating them promptly, thereby preventing accidents caused by intermingling pressures and ensuring the inherent safety of the refining and chemical enterprise.

A single?mode focused microwave synthesis system was used to rapidly synthesize MIL?53(Fe).The effect of reaction additive hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide(CTAB) on the crystal structure, morphology, and particle size of MIL?53(Fe), as well as the microwave synthesis conditions on catalytic performance of MIL?53(Fe) were investigated using 10 mg/L Rhodamine B as a target contaminant. The results show that the addition of CTAB reduces the size of MIL?53(Fe) and makes the shape more regular. When the microwave power is 75 W,the temperature is 100 ℃,the synthesis time is 1 h,n(FeCl₃·6H₂O)/n (CTAB)=1∶0.5,the catalyst dosage is 0.2 g/L,the degradation rate of Rhodamine B can be more than 90% in 100 minutes under the radiation of 300 W tungsten lamp. It was known from free radical capture experiments that holes and ·OH were the main active species in the photocatalytic process.

The development of clean and renewable energy technologies is seen as the key to addressing energy and environmental issues.Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays key roles in storage intermittent energy,such as solar and wind,from water splitting.Recently, OER under neutral conditions receives considerable interests due to its environmental friendliness.However,the efficiency of OER under neutral environment is far below that under alkaline or acidic condition.In this review,the current researchers' understanding of the mechanism of OER under mild pH conditions is firstly outlined.Thereafter,several important characterisation techniques for in situ tracking of the electrocatalytic process of OER are presented,which is crucial to reveal the OER mechanism under neutral conditions.Moreover,an overview over catalytic materials towards neutral OER,including Co?,Ni?,and Mn?based catalysts,is provided.Finally,a brief outlook on the remaining challenges and possible strategies for promoting neutral OER is given.

The photocatalysis technology becomes more and more mature. As a non?metallic visible light responsive catalyst, carbon nitride (g?C₃N₄) has attracted wide attention in the field of solar energy conversion and environmental protection due to its adjustable band gap structure, high physicochemical stability and environmental friendliness. It has become a new research hotspot. However, g?C₃N₄ also has some defects, such as small specific surface area, recombination of photogenerated electron and holes, and low utilization rate of light energy,which limit the application of g?C₃N₄ in practice.Therefore,the review focus on the development and research results of g?C₃N₄,and summarizes g?C₃N₄ from the aspects of development process,synthesis method, performance application,modification and optimization,and predicts how to further improve the performance of g?C₃N₄ to cope with the future development of the world.

As a classic non?metallic semiconductor photocatalyst, graphite phase carbon nitride material （g?C₃N₄） has attracted widespread attention in recent years due to its stable physical and chemical properties, reasonable band structure, low cost, easy availability, safety, and pollution?free advantages. It has good application and development prospects in the fields of environmental protection, purification and energy catalysis. However, the utilization of g?C₃N₄ in studies is significantly hampered by its tiny specific surface area, limited absorption of visible light, and high rate of recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. The basic structure, characteristics and main modifications of g?C₃N₄ are reviewed, covering modification means such as elemental doping, morphological modulation, noble metal deposition and the practical applications of g?C₃N₄ in recent years at home and abroad.

Graphite phase carbon nitride(g?C₃N₄), as an environmentally benign semiconductor material, has good application prospects in photocatalysis. However, the disadvantages of pure g?C₃N₄ such as small specific surface area and difficult separation of photogenerated carriers will limit its photocatalytic performance, which will restrict its large?scale application.From the synthetic methods and modification strategies, the research progress of g?C₃N₄ photocatalysts by researchers in recent years is reviewed, and the development of g?C₃N₄ photocatalysts in the fields of degradation of pollutants in water treatment, H₂ and H₂O₂ production is summarised, and it can be found that the performance of the modified g?C₃N₄ photocatalysts has been greatly improved.Finally,the development direction of g?C₃N₄ photocatalyst is prospected.

In order to improve the demulsification efficiency,reduce the processing cost and decrease the damage to the environment during demulsification of oily emulsions,nanoparticles(NPs) have attracted much attention in the field of demulsification,due to their strong controllability and multiple advantages.First,the demulsification mechanisms for magnetic and non⁃magnetic nanoparticles in demulsification were reviewed,providing strategy for the development of new demulsifiers. Secondly,the preparation methods and applications of nanoparticles were summaried.Finally,based on the development of crude oil extraction technology,the current advantages,remaining doubts and difficulties of nanoparticles in the field of demulsification were points out,as well as, the prospects for future research.

When carbon dioxide was injected into the seafloor, the diffusion coefficients of carbon dioxide in the water under different conditions, is one of the important parameters to decide whether liquid carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide hydrate can exist stably or not. In the project, the diffusion coefficients of carbon dioxide in the water were measured at 4~30 ℃, with the pressure under 1 MPa. The results show that the diffusion coefficient is a parameter related with concentration in high pressure condition. By Importing the indeterminate function to describe the process of diffusion related with concentration, the data that refers to diffusion coefficient of carbon dioxide-water system were obtained and the calculated mode that contains the relationships between carbon dioxides diffusion coefficient and temperature, concentration was fitted on the base of linear relation of short-time diffusing capacity and the root of time.

Cobalt?based catalyst is regarded as a suitable choice for Fischer?Tropsch synthesis (FTS) due to its high activity and strong C—C bond formation ability. FTS reaction mechanism of Co?based catalysts was summarised, and the structure of the active phase as well as the conformational relationship between additives and catalytic performance were analysed. For clarifying the role of catalyst supports, the promotion of FTS reaction via regulating metal?carrier interaction was also summarized. Specially, the direct synthesis of liquid fuel by coupling metal Co with zeolite catalyst was discussed, and the reaction route for liquid fuel and the character of as?used bifunctional catalyst were focused.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) has simple synthesis process,flexible structure,economy,environmental protection and anion exchange,which strengthen its application range in the field of anti?corrosion coatings.The target properties of LDHs can be achieved by a combination of one or more processes,or chemically modified by surface modification and internal anion replacement,enhancing the applicability of LDHs to meet the needs of different fields of application.This paper mainly focuses on the synthesis method of LDHs,the mechanism of corrosion protection,the practical application of LDHs corrosion protection,and its limitations and prospects.It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of various synthesis methods,and provides suggestions for future research on the application of LDHs in the field of corrosion protection.

With the significant increase in the price of lithium?ion batteries,low-cost,energy-efficient sodium-ion batteries have attracted widespread attention.As a bridge connecting the positive and negative materials of sodium ion batteries,the electrolyte plays a crucial role.The first coulomb efficiency,cycle stability and rate performance of sodium?ion batteries can be effectively improved by constructing suitable electrolytic liquid system for different electrode materials.In this paper,the research progress of various electrolyte additives in sodium?ion battery systems,the formation mechanism of interface film and the future research direction of electrolyte additives have been discussed.

High thermal stability insoluble sulfur samples were prepared by lowtemperature melting process, and the performance evaluation was carried out through a rubber vulcanization process with imported product as reference sample. The surface of the rubber "blooming" phenomenon was studied with the scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the thermal stability of insoluble sulfur sample prepared in laboratory is improved by nearly 50%. In the rubber vulcanization test, the rubber scorch time is prolonged by insoluble sulfur samples at low temperatures, and the cure rate at high temperatures is increased. Meanwhile, the "blooming" phenomenon is greatly reduced. The proformances of the insoluble sulfur sample are comparable to those of the reference sample.

Process simulation software Aspen HYSYS was used to establish British DAVY seriesparallel methanol synthesis upon steady state process in this study. A concept of equilibrium temperature interval was used to show the distance to equilibrium state in the model of equilibrium reactor. According to the contrast results of influence of exhausted gas positions on inlet gas and outlet gas mole fraction of methanol syntheses reactors, mass flow of crude methanol, mass fraction of crude methanol and recycle gas mass flow, different exhausted gas positions were proposed. Mass flow of recycle gas could be reduced at a lower value with this new exhausted gas position, which could widen the operation flexibility of methanol synthesis process. It could play a direct role in the actual production as well as design of following new process.

Against the background of fossil fuel exhaustion and lithium resources shortage,sodium?ion batteries are considered promising secondary batteries due to their abundant resources,low theoretical cost, good quick?charge performance and excellent low?temperature performance.They are expected to play a key role in developing new energy,large?scale energy storage and low?speed electric vehicles.The selected cathode material is one of the important factors influencing the energy density,cycling performance and rate performance of a sodium?ion battery.This paper reviews the cathode materials of sodium?ion batteries,including transition metal oxides, polyanionic compounds,Prussian blue compounds and organic compounds.The paper introduced the advantages and disadvantages of sodium?ion batteries,analyzed the characteristics and research focuses of various cathode materials,and provided an outlook on the development direction of cathode materials for sodium?ion batteries.

Sodium?ion batteries (SIBs) have the advantages of rich resources and low cost and supply risk.Therefore,they are regarded as a new generation of electrochemical energy storage devices with great potential.At present,vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) has gradually become a research hotspot of cathode materials for SIBs because of its high working voltage and theoretical capacity. However,the disadvantages of V₂O₅ cathode material,including low ion diffusion coefficient,low conductivity,and structural instability caused by repeated ion intercalation/deintercalation,have limited its application in SIBs.This paper analyzed the crystal structure and sodium storage mechanism of V₂O₅ and summarized the research progress of V₂O₅ cathode material in SIBs through modification methods such as morphology control,crystal structure modification,chemical pre?insertion,and composition with other materials.Finally,the paper prospected the development trend of V₂O₅ electrode material.

As carbon peak and carbon neutrality become a global consensus,electrochemical energy storage technologies and related industries have been developing rapidly.The demand for electrode materials is also increasing steadily.How to prepare high?performance anode materials with widely available and low?cost precursors has thus become a research hot spot both in China and abroad.Coal is the most promising precursor for anode materials because of its high carbon content,abundant reserves,and low price.In recent years,researchers have prepared various anode materials,such as amorphous carbon,graphite,carbon nanotubes, and graphene,from coal and studied their application in lithium?ion batteries in depth.This paper summarized the research progress of three typical coal?based carbon anode materials in lithium?ion batteries.Then, it reviewed their synthesis methods,optimization and modification,and electrochemical performance.Finally,the paper presented an outlook on the development and application of coal?based carbon anode materials.

Conductive polymers have attracted the interest of scientific researchers due to their high electrical conductivity,light weight,corrosion resistance,and good electrical and optical properties.As a typical conductive polymer,polypyrrole has attracted much attention because of its simple synthesis conditions,good environmental stability,environmental friendliness,and the wide range and tunability of electrical conductivity.However,it suffers from some shortcomings such as difficulties in dissolution and melt and poor mechanical properties and processing properties,which limit its application.Composites formed by polypyrrole and other materials not only improve the original shortcomings of polypyrrole but also combine the advantages of the two to endow the materials with new properties and broaden their application fields.This paper briefly described the main synthesis methods of polypyrrole,analyzed the advantages and disadvantages of each method,and summarized its applications in the fields of supercapacitors,gas sensors,and biological tissue engineering.The paper also discussed the problems facing polypyrrole composites and corresponding solutions and provided an outlook on their future development.

In order to better guide the cyclone design and optimization, the theoretical basis, applicability and accuracy of the prediction models of cyclone performance were investigated. Research progress on the prediction models of separation performance and pressure drop was reviewed. Combined with the influence of the particle load, particle size distribution, particle collision and coalescence, high temperature, high pressure, structure and parameters on the separation performance, the prediction models were compared and analyzed from aspects of the theoretical basis, modeling ideas and modeling tools. The results showed that prediction models were gradually rationalized but still limited. Based on the current conditions of research and application, the future direction for development of the prediction models was prospected. Comprehensive analysis of various factors' effects on the prediction models and the extension of the gassolid separation theory and prediction models to the gas-liquid separation field might be the focus of the further research．

 

Non⁃metallic pipes are widely used in the gathering process and oil pipeline due to their excellent performance，but the calculation of the friction coefficient is still in the exploration stage. In this paper，the effects of the surface roughness and wettability of the inner wall surface of the oil pipeline on the frictional resistance of the fluid in the process are summarized，and the surface slip effect caused by the change of surface wettability is introduced. The wettability of the inner wall surface of the liquid and the pipe and the influence mechanism of the boundary slip effect on the friction coefficient along the path are discussed. The results show that the friction coefficient is affected by the roughness of the inner surface, the wettability of the fluid and the inner surface, the surface slip effect caused by the wettability and the surface tension of the liquid.

Sodium metal has the advantages of abundant sources,low cost and uniform distribution,so sodium-ion batteries are considered to be one of the most promising large-scale energy storage systems.The cathode material in sodium-ion batteriesis a critical factor affecting both the electrochemical performance and production cost of the battery.Layered transition metal oxides have attracted significant attention because of their high energy density,simple synthesis method and environmental friendliness. This paper provides a comprehensive summary and review of the research on layered cathode materials from the perspective of their composition structure,phase transition mechanism,charge compensation mechanism,and modification strategies,which reveal the key factors limiting the improvement of the electrochemical performance of layered cathode materials,analyzing the effective means to inhibit phase transition process and the rational design to enhance the reversibility of anion redox reaction.Furthermore, this paper offers an outlook on future development trend.

Sodium?ion batteries are considered a promising alternative to lithium?ion and lead?acid batteries, offering a balance between performance and cost?effectiveness for applications requiring moderate energy density and low cost. Hard carbon stands out as the most promising anode material for sodium?ion batteries, with the majority of scholars attributing its sodium storage capacity primarily to its porous structure. However, characterization techniques for this porous structure are currently very limited. This hinders in?depth analysis of the hard carbon pore structure and makes it more difficult to design performance enhancement strategies. This review provides an overview of current methods for characterizing the pore structure of hard carbon, including transmission electron microscopy, gas adsorption, X?ray small angle scattering, and helium true density testing. The combined use of these methods helps accurately characterize the pore structure of hard carbon and provides research ideas and technical support for the design of high?performance hard carbon anodes.

Through analyzing the fracture of gas shale in America, the fractured gas wells with highproductivity are these with good fracability, not the ones with complex fracturing process or high breakdown pressure. Using the useful fracturing experience of the typical shale gas reservoir in Amecica for reference, this paper tried to explore the fracability evaluation system of gas shale in China from three orientationsgeological evaluation index, volume fracture evaluation index for gas shale, engineering technology evaluation index. Through evaluating the geological characteristics of shale gas reservoir, the geological indexs like the total geological reserves, the geological “sweet spot”, and the maturity can be comfirmed; the volumn fracture indexs like the rock brittleness parameters of the reservoir, the natural fractures, the dig angle, the crustal stress can be get to evaluate the feasibility of volumn fracture; the engineering indexs like the way of fracturing stimulation, the casing perforation type, the behavior of fracturing fluid can be optimized. This paper optimizes the dominant factors that can affect the reservoir’s fracability and chooses the indexs that can reflect the geological mechanical fracability most directly to establish one key index system of fracability evaluation of gas shale reservoir on the base of the domestic complex geological condition and engineering condition. The index system can provide reference index for establishing the model of gas shale fracability and forming the hazardcontrol methods.

The use of solar photocatalytic degradation of pollutants is one of the most promising technologies to solve water pollution problems and achieve solar energy conversion. By changing the amount of g-C₃N₄ added, g-C₃N₄/Co₃O₄ catalysts with different g-C₃N₄ mass fractions are prepared based on the calcination method with cobalt nitrate hexahydrate (Co（NO₃)₂-6H₂O) and urea (NH₄CNO) as raw materials. The samples are analyzed and characterized using X-ray diffraction （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） and ultraviolet visible absorption spectroscopy （UV-vis DRS）. To speculate on the active species of the catalyst, capture agent experiments are conducted on it. The results indicate that the synergistic effect between g-C₃N₄ and Co₃O₄ can improve the transfer and separation efficiency of charge carriers at the interface between the two phases. Under visible light, the degradation effect of 10% g-C₃N₄/Co₃O₄ is the best, with a degradation rate of 66.50%, which is higher than the degradation effect of single Co₃O₄ （degradation rate of 35.90%）. The active species of the catalyst are mainly superoxide radicals（·O₂-） and holes（h⁺）. After compounding with g-C₃N₄, the drawbacks of Co₃O₄ electron hole pair, such as too fast recombination and a deficient energy level structure, are improved, providing ideas for the degradation of organic pollutants in the future.

Microchemical technology is a front technology of multi⁃disciplines in chemical engineering fields. The technology core is microscale transfer and chemical reaction in microchannel reactor. The application of microchemical technology can improve resource⁃utilization efficiency for energy saving and consumption reduction, enhance security, intensification and miniaturization of the chemical process, by decreasing dispersion scale, strengthening mixing and transfer, raising control and efficiency. The technology principle, characteristics, advantage and industrial application of microchemical technology were introduced, with the aim of deepening people's understanding of the microchemical technology, and then promoting the development and application of microchemical technology.

Heterogeneous Mn₃O₄/CuMnO₂ catalyst CMO-A is prepared by a one-step hydrothermal method using cupric chloride dihydrate and manganese chloride tetrahydrate as raw materials.The composition of the samples prepared at different temperatures is analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis.Using mercury lamp as light source and 50 mg/L Rhodamine B(RhB) solution as contaminant model,the photo-Fenton reaction performance of the prepared CMO-A sample is tested.The results show that CMO-150 has the best degradation effect on RhB solution when the reaction temperature is 150 ℃,and the degradation rate reaches 98.01% when the reaction time is 15 min.The optimal reaction conditions and cyclic stability of CMO-150 catalyst are investigated.The experimental results show that the optimal reaction conditions are 0.2 mol/L H₂O₂,50 mg CMO-150 catalyst,50 mg/L RhB solution and pH=3.0.After 5 cycles,the degradation rate only decreases by 22.24% at 15 min.The main active species in the reaction is hydroxyl radical (·OH) through the sacrificial agent experiment,and the reaction mechanism is explored by combining with the control experiment.

The concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere reached an all?time high in the 2021(414.7 μg/g), which has caused a series of ecological and environmental problems. In order to solve the problem of global warming, CO₂ resource utilization is imperative. From the view of CO₂ utilization and methanol (MeOH) economy, the preparation of MeOH by CO₂ hydrogenation is a potential energy route, which can be used as one of the key paths to achieve carbon neutrality. The recent progress in preparation of MeOH by reduction of CO₂ with H₂ as reductant in homogeneous system was summarized.According to the three routes of preparing MeOH by direct hydrogenation of CO₂,preparing MeOH by hydrogenation of CO₂ derivatives,and preparing MeOH by dissimilation of HCOOH,the catalyst system design,structure?activity relationship and reaction mechanism involved in each route were introduced,and the shortcomings of each hydrogenation route were summarized,the problems needed to be solved in the industrial production of MeOH by CO₂ hydrogenation were put forward.

NiMo/γ?Al₂O₃ catalyst was prepared by using γ?Al₂O₃ as the carrier and Ni as the active component,and Mo was introduced to improve the metal dispersion of Ni?based catalysts.The physical properties of the catalysts were characterized by means of BET,XRD,H₂?TPD,H₂?TPR,and transmission electron microscopy.The performance of the catalysts was evaluated by hydrogenation units,and the effect of metal dispersion of the catalysts on the catalytic activity was investigated.The results show that the introduction of Mo can effectively weaken the interaction between Ni and the carrier.The low?temperature reduction peak of the H₂?TPR profile significantly moves forward,and the peak intensity is enhanced.The specific surface area of the catalyst activity increases from 0.7 m²/g to 15.3~16.1 m²/g,and the metal dispersion increases from 0.80% to 18.59%,which indicates that the number of metal active centers on catalyst surfaces increases,and the metal dispersion on the catalyst surfaces improves. Under the same process condition,heavy petrol with catalytic cracking is processed,and the desulfurization rate of NiMo?based catalysts is increased by 15.7% compared with that of Ni?based catalysts.The saturation rate of olefin is increased by 4.9%,and the desulfurization selectivity is decreased by 3.4%.Therefore,the NiMo?based catalysts have positive desulfurization selectivity while ensuring a high desulfurization rate.

Organic sulfides widely exist in natural resources such as petroleum and coal,which have abundant resource reserves.In the petroleum refining industry,the cleavage of C-S bonds is usually required for the desulfurization of petroleum fractions. Among them,the transition metal?catalyzed cleavage reactions of C-S bonds have attracted the attention of researchers owing to the advantages of high efficiency,mild conditions,and low pollution.This review summarizes the progress in transition metal?catalyzed C-S bond cleavage reactions of different types of organic sulfides,and provides insights into Pd,Cu,Ni and Fe catalytic systems and mechanisms.Moreover,the development of such reactions is proposed.