Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution technology plays a pivotal role in promoting sustainable energy conversion and storage,which is essential for achieving carbon neutrality and enhancing the efficient utilization of renewable energy.However, current electrocatalysts still face significant challenges in terms of activity,stability,and cost,which hinder their large-scale application.Alloy catalysts,with their tunable compositions and structures as well as unique electronic properties,have demonstrated great potential in improving catalytic performance.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the performance modulation mechanisms and strategies of alloy catalysts in hydrogen evolution reactions.Specifically,it focuses on three key aspects:Composition design,crystal structure regulation,and hybridization with other functional materials,highlighting their recent advances in the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction.Representative studies are discussed to elucidate the synergistic effects among multiple metal components in alloy systems and their impact on catalytic performance.Finally,current challenges in rational alloy catalyst design are summarized,and future research directions are proposed,aiming to provide theoretical guidance and technical insights for the development of efficient and cost-effective electrocatalytic materials.

Nylon 66(PA66),as an important engineering plastic,features excellent mechanical properties,wear resistance and heat resistance,and is widely used in the automotive,electronic,mechanical and aerospace fields.However,its inherent high hygroscopicity,poor low-temperature toughness,insufficient processing fluidity and inadequate flame retardancy limit its application in some high-performance scenarios.In recent years,significant progress has been made in the modification research of PA66.Mainly through various means such as physical blending,chemical grafting, and copolymerization modification,its microstructure and macroscopic properties are regulated,thereby preparing composite materials with high strength,high toughness, low water absorption rate,excellent flame retardancy or thermal conductivity.This article introduces the research progress of various high-performance PA66 composites in recent years,analyzes the influence of various modification strategies on the structure and performance of the materials,and the preparation of various high-performance PA66 composites has expanded the application scope of PA66,which is more conducive to its development in high-performance and functional industries such as new energy and automobiles.

Against the backdrop of rising global energy needs and pressing environmental concerns,the advancement of efficient and sustainable green energy technologies is paramount.Zinc-air batteries （ZABs） present a highly promising solution,offering a high theoretical energy density and zero-carbon emissions.However,their widespread adoption is limited by the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen reduction reaction（ORR） at the air cathode and the inherent high cost and poor stability of precious-metal catalysts. Herein,we innovatively prepared a NH?-MXene/FePc composite catalyst by anchoring iron phthalocyanine（FePc） onto amino-functionalized MXene（NH₂-MXene） as the support.The influence of the 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane（APTES） addition amount on the catalyst's structure and ORR performance was systematically studied.The optimized NH₂-MXene /FePc-100 catalyst demonstrates exceptional ORR activity,characterized by a high half-wave potential of 0.92 V,a low Tafel slope of 65.94 mV/dec, and a dominant four-electron transfer pathway.Notably,it exhibits outstanding stability,showing a minimal E_1/2 degradation of only 20 mV after 5 000 cycles of accelerated durability test cycles.Moreover,ZABs equipped with this catalyst achieve superior performance,delivering a peak power density of 182.3 mW/cm² and a specific capacity of 774.7 mA·h/g which significantly surpasses that of commercial Pt/C-based devices.

The dual?carbon strategy highlights the urgent need to develop efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production technologies. Graphitic carbon nitride (g?C?N?) has attracted wide attention due to its low cost and excellent stability, but it suffers from insufficient visible light absorption and rapid carrier recombination, which severely restricts its hydrogen production performance. To overcome these issues, we successfully prepared boron-doped g?C₃N₄ （BCN） using a H₃BO₃?assisted segmented temperature?controlled calcination strategy, with boric acid as the boron source precursor. The effects of boron doping on the band structure and photoelectric properties of g?C₃N₄ were systematically investigated through various photoelectric characterization techniques. The results demonstrate that an appropriate level of boron doping effectively modulates the electronic structure of g-C₃N₄, enhancing its visible light absorption and improving the separation efficiency of photogenerated carriers. Specifically, the BCN?2∶5 sample (with a mass ratio of H?BO? to g?C?N? of 2∶5) achieves a hydrogen evolution rate of up to 1 507 μmol/(g·h) under visible light irradiation. This study offers valuable insights and guidance for the design of highly efficient doped g?C₃N₄ photocatalysts.

In the domain of chemical separation, the pursuit of straightforward and expeditious treatment of multicomponent industrial wastewater has emerged as a prominent trend. However, traditional methods have demonstrated low separation efficiency when dealing with emulsified phosphorus-containing wastewater. In this study, a cellulose membrane was used as the base matrix, and La(OH)? nanoparticles were in-situ grown on it to construct a composite membrane capable of simultaneous phosphorus removal and demulsification. Structural characterization revealed that La（OH）? was uniformly anchored on the fiber surface. The membrane's underwater superoleophobicity and low oil adhesion enabled it to separate various oil-in-water emulsions with an efficiency of 99.2% and a separation flux of 1 210 L/（m2?h）. The membrane exhibited sustained high phosphorus removal and demulsification performance even after ten cycles, providing a scalable and sustainable new approach for the next generation of multicomponent industrial wastewater treatment.

The current commercial Pd?based catalysts are expensive, so there is a need to develop alternative low?cost metal catalysts. In this study, hierarchical porous copper?based catalysts were synthesized via selective etching by adjusting alkali concentration, and were characterized using techniques including XRD, SEM, BET, MIP, and N₂O chemisorption. The hydrogenation performance of the hierarchical porous Cu?based catalyst was evaluated under conditions of GHSV 30 000 h?1 and V(H?)/V(C?H?)/V(C?H?)/V(He) = 137∶98∶1∶196. Results indicate that the Cu?based catalyst possesses a hierarchical pore structure comprising macropores (4~5 μm) and mesopores (2~25 nm). The full conversion temperature of the hierarchical porous Cu?based catalyst is as low as 105 °C, significantly lower than that of commercial Cu powder (220 °C), while demonstrating stability exceeding 180 hours. The introduction of the hierarchical pore structure increases the active surface area of the catalyst and enhances the number of Cu active sites. Moreover, retaining an appropriate amount of Al species helps maintain the hierarchical

pore structure and improves the resistance of Cu active sites to deactivation.

The conversion of CO₂ to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) represents a promising route for sustainable synthesis and carbon resource utilization. In this study, a series of Zr-doped CeO₂ catalysts derived from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) via hydrothermal synthesis were applied to the direct synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH. The effects of varying Zr doping levels (molar fraction, the same below) on catalytic performance were systematically investigated, and the optimal Zr doping amount was determined. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption-desorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to elucidate their crystal phase, morphology, surface chemical states, and correlations between these properties and catalytic activity. Using the Zr/CeO? catalyst with a 2% Zr doping level, the optimal process conditions for DMC synthesis from CO? and CH?OH were investigated. The results indicate that under the conditions of 140 °C, an initial CO₂ pressure of 3 MPa, and a reaction time of 2 hours, the Zr/CeO₂ catalyst with a 2% Zr doping content exhibits the highest CH₃OH conversion rate and DMC production.

The consumption of fossil fuels has led to a series of environmental issues due to CO₂ emissions, drawing increasing attention to carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology. Lithium silicate (Li₄SiO₄) is considered a highly promising sorbents due to its high CO₂ capture capacity, low regeneration temperature, and good thermal stability. However, its widespread application is limited by the high cost of silicon sources and insufficient cycling performance. Low?cost fly ash was used as silicon source to synthesize Li₄SiO₄ via solid?state and impregnation?precipitation methods, followed by modification with K₂CO₃ doping. The materials were characterized by testing methods such as XRF, XRD, and SEM.The results show that the sorbents prepared by the solid?phase method at 700 °C (LS?700) possesses a rich pore structure and a high specific surface area of 1.584 2 m2/g, and exhibits the optimal sorption performance, with the CO? sorption capacity remaining at 0.179 7 g/g after 10 cycles. After K₂CO₃ doping, the CO₂ sorption rate increased to 0.054 5 g/(g·min), which is 1.4 times that of the undoped sample. Mechanistic studies revealed that the formation of a low?temperature eutectic layer between K₂CO₃ and Li₂CO₃ promoted CO₂ diffusion and reduced the reaction activation energy. This study provides an effective strategy for developing low?cost and high?performance Li₄SiO₄?based sorbents, demonstrating significant value for enhancing CO₂ capture efficiency from coal?fired flue gas.

Gold nanoparticles （Au NPs） exhibit great application potential in the reduction of aromatic nitro compound pollutants, owing to their nanoscale size effects and excellent catalytic properties. However, their tendency to aggregate has hindered practical applications. In this study, perfusion silica gel microspheres （PSM） with a hierarchical porous structure comprising macropores, mesopores, and perfusion pores were used as a support material. The surface of the PSM was first modified with thiol groups and then combined with gold nanoparticles to fabricate Au NPs/PSM composite microspheres. These composite microspheres were characterized by SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy and XRD. The catalytic performance of the Au NPs/PSM catalyst in reducing 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol was investigated. The results showed that the composite microspheres retained their perfusion channels, and the Au NPs were uniformly distributed on the PSM surface. The average size of the Au NPs was approximately 4.8 nm, with a mass loading fraction of 2.72%. The Au NPs/PSM composite was employed as a catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. At 30 °C, the catalytic reaction followed first-order kinetics, with a rate constant of 0.103 min?1. The composite microspheres demonstrate excellent catalytic activity, good stability, and high recyclability.

Sodium metal batteries (SMBs) are regarded as highly promising candidates for next⁃generation high⁃energy⁃density energy storage systems, owing to the high theoretical specific capacity (1 166 mA•h/g) and low redox potential (-2.71 V（vs.SHE）) of sodium metal. However, the practical implementation of sodium metal anodes is significantly impeded by several critical issues, including uncontrollable dendrite growth, vigorous interfacial side reactions, and instability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Consequently, engineering a stable and robust anode interface has become a pivotal research focus for achieving high⁃performance SMBs. In recent years, researchers have proposed a variety of interfacial regulation strategies, including electrolyte optimization, artificial interfacial layer construction, application of solid⁃state or gel electrolytes, and alloying approaches. This review systematically summarizes recent progress in stabilizing the sodium metal anode interface, with a focus on the mechanismsof various interface engineering strategies and their effects on electrochemical performance. The challenges and future perspectives in this field are also discussed.

This study investigates the effect of preparation strategies on the state of active species in Beta zeolite supported P and Ni catalysts,to develop high⁃performance catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of furfural.A series of P⁃modified Beta zeolite supported Ni catalysts were prepared by stepwise introduction of Ni and P through different methods.Various characterization techniques were employed to investigate the state of Ni species,and their catalytic performance in the selective hydrogenation of furfural was evaluated.The results revealed that Ni species introduced via the in⁃situ hydrothermal method were uniformly encapsulated within the zeolite channels.P introduced via mechanical mixing migrated into the channels and interacted with Ni to form Ni₂P species during reduction treatment.The high content of Ni²⁺ in P⁃Ni@Beta indicated a strong metal⁃support interaction.The reaction results demonstrated a blue shift in the C-O stretching frequency,indicating electron transfer from Ni to P,which reduced the electron density around Ni.The reaction results indicated that Ni ^δ+ species,acting as Lewis acid sites,efficiently promoted the selective hydrogenation of furfural.Under conditions of 110 ℃ and 1 MPa H₂,a furfuryl alcohol yield of 68.6% was achieved after 1 h of reaction.

An oil⁃soluble molybdenum sulfide catalyst (MS⁃1) was prepared by a ‘one⁃pot’ synthesis method and characterized using XRD,FT⁃IR,XPS,and HR⁃TEM.The hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) performance toward methyl oleate and the hydrotreating capability for waste oils (with phosphorus,chlorine,and total metal contents of 18.14,138.80,and 173.60 µg/g,respectively) were evaluated in a high⁃pressure reactor.The results indicate that two⁃dimensional monolayer MoS2 active species were generated in situ during reaction,and the synthesized catalyst exhibited excellent overall performance.Under the conditions of a catalyst dosage of 380 µg/g,a reaction temperature of 360 °C,an initial H2 pressure of 4.0 MPa,and a reaction time of 3.0 h,the deoxygenation rates of methyl oleate and waste cooking oil reached 99.2% and 99.7%,respectively.The acid value and bromine value of the waste oil were significantly reduced from 173.60 mgKOH/g and 117.70 gBr/(100 g) to 5.28 mgKOH/g and 5.65 gBr/(100 g).The removal efficiencies of phosphorus,chlorine, and total metals were 92.17%,93.87%,and 96.92%,respectively.

Microscopic pore throat structure is the key focus and challenge of tight sandstone reservoir research.Regarding the Chang 6 tight sandstone in the Jiyuan area of the Ordos Basin,casting thin sections,scanning electron microscopy,and constant rate mercury injection experiments were used,and fractal theory was introduced to study its pore throat characteristics.The study shows that the pore throat of tight sandstone can be divided into two types:large⁃scale and small⁃scale.The large⁃scale pore throats are mainly dissolution pores,composite pores and curved lamellar throats.The pore throat has large storage space,obvious pore throat deformation,strong heterogeneity and large fractal dimension.The small⁃scale pore throats are strongly compacted and cemented, and mainly consist of intergranular pores,intercrystalline pores and necked throats with little deformation of pore⁃throat space,weak heterogeneity and small fractal dimension.There is a good positive correlation between the fractal dimension and the effective reservoir space.The better the reservoir is,the stronger the heterogeneity will be,and the larger the fractal dimension will be.There is also a good correlation between the fractal dimension and the pore throat structure parameter.The pore throat distribution is uneven,the connectivity is poor,the larger the fractal dimension will be.The mass fraction of clay minerals is an important factor affecting the fractal dimension of pore throat,which in turn reflects the quality and pore throat characteristics of reservoirs.

Aiming at the problems of conventional temporary plugging materials in horizontal shale gas wells in Sichuan, such as insignificant increase in temporary plugging pressure, easy shedding under low pressure difference and poor plugging effect, long‑acting and short‑acting temporary plugging knots for perforation plugging were prepared. Their degradation performance and pressure‑bearing plugging performance were evaluated, the influence of injection method on plugging efficiency was explored, and a temporary plugging knot injection device was developed, thus forming a knot‑based temporary plugging fracturing technology for shale gas. The results show that in polymer slick‑water fracturing fluid at 90 ℃, the degradation rate of long‑acting temporary plugging knots is less than 10% within 83 h and more than 99% after 174 h, while that of short‑acting temporary plugging knots is less than 10% within 5 h and more than 99% after 24 h. Both types of temporary plugging knots exhibit static pressure‑bearing capacity higher than 50.0 MPa and dynamic plugging efficiency above 90%. The maximum single injection capacity of the device is 60 temporary plugging knots with a size of 18~20 mm, and the injection rate is adjustable from 1 to 60 knots per minute. Field tests were carried out in Well Ning‑A, a horizontal shale gas well, including 5 stages of inter‑stage temporary plugging and 6 stages of intra‑stage temporary plugging in casing‑deformed intervals. The average post‑plugging pressure increases were 9.0 MPa and 5.6 MPa, respectively. Field microseismic monitoring shows obvious differences in event points before and after temporary plugging, verifying the effectiveness of the proposed technology.

Microbiologically corrosion is a critical factor contributing to the degradation of marine engineering infrastructure.Electrochemical methods and slow strain rate tensile(SSRT) tests were employed to evaluate the effect of cathodic protection (CP) on the corrosion behavior of X70 pipeline steel in marine environments containing sulfate⁃reducing bacteria (SRB).Together with microstructural characterization,the stress corrosion cracking(SCC) mechanism of X70 steel in SRB⁃containing marine environments was analyzed.The results indicate that CP potentials of -0.775,-0.850 V promoted SRB growth.When the CP potential reached -1.000 V,it not only promoted the proliferation of SRB but also accelerated their transition into the decline phase.In the absence of applied stress,the optimal CP potential for X70 steel in SRB⁃containing marine environments was -0.850 V.Without CP,the SCC mechanism of X70 steel was a hybrid mode involving anodic dissolution induced by the marine environment and hydrogen⁃induced cracking caused by SRB.At CP potentials of -0.775,-0.850 V,the SCC mechanism was dominated by SRB⁃induced hydrogen⁃induced cracking.When the CP potential was -1.000 V,the SCC mechanism was a hybrid mechanism jointly induced by anodic dissolution caused by the marine environment and hydrogen⁃induced cracking induced by the CP potential.The synergistic effect of SRB and CP significantly increased the hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of X70 steel in marine environments.

In view of the characteristics of high salinity of injected water,high reservoir temperature and multiple reservoir layers in Block G of Dagang K Oilfield,experiments were conducted to screen temperature⁃resistant and salt⁃tolerant polymers and surfactants.On this basis,the oil displacement efficiency of polymer solutions and polymer⁃surfactant binary composite flooding systems(hereinafter referred to as polymer/surfactant binary flooding systems) was investigated using multi‐layer core models.The results show that among the three types of polymers,hydrophobically associating polymers exhibit superior viscosity enhancement. Compared with HSY and DWS,the polymer/surfactant binary flooding system formulated with DG‐1 surfactant can reduce the interfacial tension to 10⁻³ mN/m.Under the same model layer combination,the incremental oil recovery of the polymer/surfactant binary flooding system is higher than that of the polymer solution;in particular,the incremental oil recovery of the binary flooding system is 1.43% higher in the three‐layer model with a permeability ratio of 10. Under the same flooding agent condition,the mass fraction and viscosity of polymer and surfactant in the produced fluid increase with the increase of model permeability ratio.At the same permeability ratio,a larger number of model layers leads to higher waterflooding recovery,lower chemical flooding and subsequent waterflooding recovery,while the ultimate oil recovery is similar.

In view of the characteristics of high porosity and high permeability in heavy oil reservoirs,together with the high⁃intensity injection⁃production conditions,challenges such as thermal fluid channeling,sudden increase in water cut,and deteriorating development performance have become increasingly prominent in the middle and late stages of steam flooding.Therefore,new technologies are urgently needed to further enhance development efficiency.The variation laws of thermal fluid temperature field and saturation field were investigated via numerical simulation and laboratory simulation experiments,on the basis of which the thermochemical⁃gas alternating flooding technology was studied.The results show that in the middle and late stages of the conversion from cyclic steam stimulation to steam flooding in thin heavy oil reservoirs,thermal communication occurs in some wells within the well group;the expansion radius of the temperature field reaches 100~140 m,and the water cut rises to 74%. According to the analysis of the heating chamber expansion law,the area ratio of the heated zone to the unheated zone in the reservoir is close to 1∶1,and the remaining oil in the unheated zone is abundant but not effectively produced.By optimizing the composite system composed of high⁃temperature reinforced foam and high⁃temperature⁃resistant low⁃viscosity consolidated gel, the plugging efficiency can exceed 97.0%,realizing fluid diversion and enabling the recovery of enriched remaining oil.A process is proposed that utilizes the residual heat in the formation supplemented by hot water,combined with alternate injection of flue gas and other gases.Numerical simulation results indicate that the oil recovery factor can be improved by approximately 2.00%.

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) foam fracturing fluid features the advantages of low water consumption, weak reservoir damage, and excellent stimulation performance, making it particularly suitable for the extraction of water⁃sensitive unconventional shale oil and gas as well as coalbed methane. To address the poor stability of traditional CO₂ foam fracturing fluids, flake⁃structured nano⁃graphene oxide (GO) was used to modify the CO2 foam fracturing fluid. The CO₂ foam fracturing fluid was prepared in a sealed reactor, and the variation of foam half⁃life with surfactant type was investigated by visual observation to optimize the formulas. Subsequently, the effects of surfactant type, concentration, and temperature on the stability of the CO₂ foam fracturing fluid were studied. The results show that the addition of GO to the octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (OTAC) system leads to a large amount of flocculent material and fails to stabilize the foam. In contrast, the α⁃olefin sulfonate (AOS) system exhibits good compatibility with GO. The formula of 0.50%AOS+1.00%NaCl+0.25%GO presents high foam quality, and the introduction of GO significantly improves the temperature resistance of the foam system. A foam liquid film model was constructed using Materials Studio, and molecular dynamics simulations were performed to reveal the synergistic foam⁃stabilizing mechanism and failure mechanism of GO at the molecular level. This study provides a theoretical basis and technical support for the development of oil and gas reservoirs.

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) exhibit tremendous application potential in cutting-edge interdisciplinary fields such as wearable devices and biomedicine owing to their high safety, low cost, excellent electrochemical performance, and good biocompatibility. This paper provides a systematic review of structural-engineering strategies and recent advances in their gel electrolytes, with particular emphasis on the integrated optimization of ionic conduction, biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and interfacial stability of hydrogel and polymer electrolytes guided by molecular engineering and interfacial regulation. Furthermore, the development potential and evolution trends of hydrogel electrolytes in flexible integration and biomedical applications are discussed. This research provides novel ideas for the design and expanded application of high-performance hydrogel electrolytes.

A large amount of boil-off gas (BOG) is generated during the storage and transportation of liquefied natural gas,which results in not only resource wastage but also potential safety hazards.Therefore,the liquefied natural gas-adsorbed natural gas (LNG-ANG) coupling technology has attracted increasing attention from researchers.Developing efficient and stable adsorbents is the core key to the practical application of this technology.In view of the requirements of LNG-ANG coupling technology for adsorbents, this paper summarizes the research progress of metal-organic framework materials (MOFs) in methane adsorption at low temperature (about 159 K).By comparing the advantages and limitations of adsorption at low temperatures (159 K) with at room temperature (298 K),several MOFs materials that are more conducive to the adsorption and storage of methane are listed,including flexible MOFs,highly porous MOFs,hierarchically porous MOFs and MOF composites,aiming to offer references and guidance for the practical industrial application of MOFs in LNG-ANG coupling technology.

The industrialization of all-vanadium flow batteries（VFB） is currently hindered by the inherent trade-off between proton conductivity and vanadium ion rejection in ion exchange membrane materials.To address this challenge,a novel membrane architecture was innovatively proposed by constructing a composite membrane loaded with S-SN nanosheets.The performance of the composite membrane was systematically evaluated through micro-morphology characterization,physicochemical analyses including proton conduction and mechanical strength,as well as battery polarization behavior and constant-current discharge stability tests.The results demonstrate that the prepared composite membrane achieves a coulombic efficiency of 96.4% and an energy efficiency of 76.81% at a high current density of 200 mA/cm².After 500 cycles,the membrane exhibits excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 74.91%.By precisely regulating the membrane structure, this innovative design successfully resolves the balance dilemma of ion-selective transport,providing a new strategy for developing cost-effective and stable energy storage membranes.

The hydrogenation process in oil fields is a crucial step for improving oil quality and reducing pollutant emissions during crude oil processing. In the context of "dual carbon", the greenization of hydrogen supply mode has become a key factor in industry transformation. The traditional hydrogen production mode has a higher carbon emission intensity and is seriously out of sync with the low-carbon development requirements of the oil and gas industry. Therefore, it is of greater practical significance to develop green and safe hydrogen production methods. This paper uses a mixture of (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ and dicyandiamide as the precursor and prepares porous g-C₃N₄ (pg-C₃N₄) through a thermal polymerization method. The microstructure, light absorption capacity, chemical structure, and crystal structure of pg-C₃N₄ are analyzed by TEM, XRD, DRS, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The photocatalysis hydrogen production from water splitting and the degradation of pollutants over pg-C₃N₄ are also investigated. The results show that the specific surface area of pg-C₃N₄ is approximately 49 m²/g. The results show that the specific surface area of pg-C?N? is approximately 49 m2/g. Compared with bulk g-C?N?, pg-C?N? possesses a larger specific surface area and a relatively higher separation efficiency of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, thereby significantly enhancing its performance in water splitting for hydrogen production under visible light as well as its activity in decomposing Rhodamine B (RhB). Moreover, it can maintain good performance and structural stability. This paper provides a green hydrogen production method for the development of hydrogenation processes in oil fields.

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of crystalline porous polymers formed by linking several light elements through covalent bonds. They feature large specific surface area, excellent chemical stability, and precisely tunable pore architecture, rendering them highly promising for adsorption applications. In this work, COF-TpPa-1 demonstrated effective performance as an adsorbent for the removal of two representative organic dyes (methyl green and congo red) from aqueous solutions. Comprehensive investigations were performed to analyze the effects of various factors while examining adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics. The results demonstrated that the adsorption of both methyl green and congo red onto COF-TpPa-1 followed the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model, indicating a predominant monolayer adsorption mechanism.Kinetic studies showed excellent accordance with the pseudo-second-order model, indicating chemisorption as the primary adsorption mechanism. The adsorption processes of COF-TpPa-1 for both dyes were endothermic and thermodynamically spontaneous.Remarkable maximum adsorption capacities of 253.17 mg/g for methyl green and 166.39 mg/g for congo red were achieved at 313 K. Furthermore, ethanol treatment enabled efficient dye desorption and adsorbent regeneration.

In the development process of Block G in Dagang Oilfield, the air foam flooding system exhibits favorable oil displacement performance. However, affected by factors such as foam preparation technology, gas injection volume, gas injection rate and reservoir permeability heterogeneity, gas channeling is prone to occur during oil and gas production. To explore the mechanism of gas channeling in oil reservoirs and its impacts on oil and gas field development, experiments on the oil displacement performance of air foam flooding were conducted using a Brookfield viscometer, gas chromatograph and core flooding apparatus. The experiments investigated the effects of profile control agent types, gas injection modes and reservoir heterogeneity. Corresponding effective technologies for gas channeling control were also proposed. The results show that in the air foam flooding test with heterogeneous models, foam preferentially enters high-permeability layers, which increases seepage resistance and reduces water absorption index, thus achieving excellent effects of water control and oil production enhancement. Compared with conventional air foam flooding, the injection of Cr³⁺ polymer gel and hydrophobic associating polymer can effectively restrain gas channeling, and further improve the oil-increasing and water-reducing performance of air foam flooding. When the injection volume of gel plugging agent is 0.20 PV, the maximum increment of oil recovery factor reaches 15.23%; when the injection volume of polymer is 0.30 PV, the maximum increment of oil recovery factor is 11.35%.

Conventional polymers fail to meet the requirements for channeling control and plugging under high temperature and high salinity conditions, creating an urgent demand for more durable materials.Two acrylamide-based preformed particle gels (PPGs): polyelectrolyte-based (DJZ-1) and polyzwitterionic-type (LXLZ-2) were synthesized for enhancing CO₂ plugging efficiency. The swelling behavior of the gel was analyzed under different temperature, salinity and pH conditions using Ritger-Peppas and Yavari-Azizian models. The results indicate that the swelling degrees of DJZ-1 and LXLZ-2 in water are 56 and 18 respectively. With the rise of ionic strength, the swelling degree of DJZ-1 declines remarkably, whereas that of LXLZ-2 stays nearly constant. Changes in pH value only elevate the swelling degree of DJZ-1 and have no impact on LXLZ-2. LXLZ-1 can maintain long-term thermal stability under reservoir conditions at 120 ℃, and both systems can effectively exert the performance of PPG weak gel systems.

The narrow strip-shaped reservoirs in the lower member of Minghuazhen Formation in the Bonan area of the Bohai Bay Basin are characterized by diverse types of dominant flow channels,which are difficult to identify and control,severely impairing the waterflooding development effect.Based on the morphological characteristics of production curves from 112 tracer test samples,dominant flow channels were classified into four levels.By investigating the reservoir physical property parameters and production dynamic response characteristics of each level,an innovative discrimination parameter system for dominant flow channels was established,and the development degree of preferential channels was quantitatively characterized.Using a combination of statistical methods and grey relational analysis,the main controlling factors affecting dominant flow channels were quantitatively determined,and classified control countermeasures for the four levels of preferential channels were proposed.The results show that after long-term water injection development,Level Ⅲ dominant flow channels accounts for the highest proportion,reaching 59% of the total.The average interpreted permeability is 7 037 mD,and the average radius of pore roar is 16.0 μm.The main factors affecting dominant flow channels are production pressure difference and channel width,which should be carefully considered in the design and dynamic adjustment of injection-production well spacing.The research findings provide a scientific basis for formulating water control measures and conducting full-cycle optimization and evaluation of profile control and profile modification and flooding in narrow strip-shaped reservoirs.Field applications have achieved favorable effects of water cut reduction and oil production increase.

After the commissioning of gas storage facilities in edge-bottom water gas reservoirs, issues such as insufficient storage capacity and reduced peak shaving capacity often arise. In response to the differentiated vertical water invasion distribution and complex fault characteristics in block M, a differentiated water energy modeling method was adopted to simulate the impact of 3.2 to 14.0 times of water energy on the operation of the gas storage. The static evaluation of fault SGR was combined with dynamic failure prediction pressure, and the safe operation pressure of the gas storage was designed based on the "short board effect". Various well patterns were simulated and compared. Ultimately, a composite well pattern featuring "horizontal wells as the mainstay and vertical wells as a supplement" was adopted, with the deployment of 22 injection-production wells. A water control strategy of "low-speed slow injection at high structural positions" was implemented, leveraging the well pattern dominated by horizontal wells to enhance injection-production efficiency. The daily gas injection capacity of a single well reached 340 000 cubic meters, which is 2.1 times that of a vertical well. Practice has confirmed the feasibility of constructing gas storage facilities in edge-bottom water gas reservoirs, and this study provides important reference value for the optimal design of similar gas storage facilities.

With the global demand for clean energy and efficient energy storage technologies continually rising,lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are being increasingly utilized in electric vehicles,portable electronic devices,and large-scale energy storage systems. Conductive additives,as essential components of electrode materials,play a crucial role in enhancing the electrochemical performance of LICs by constructing efficient conductive networks.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the roles, types,and effects of conductive additives in LICs,with a particular emphasis on the application examples and advantages of emerging additives such as graphene and carbon nanotubes.Furthermore,the synergistic effects of composite conductive additives are discussed,along with an analysis of the current industrial status and future development trends of conductive additives.This review aims to offer theoretical insights and practical references for the optimized design and application development of LICs.

Hydrogen production via ammonia decomposition is a crucial pathway toward achieving a "carbon-neutral society", and its catalytic efficiency is significantly influenced by the regulation of support materials. Based on the similar electronic structures of Al and Y elements, which belong to the main group and the subgroup (transition metal group) respectively, the differentiation mechanisms of Y?O? and Al?O? supports in cobalt-based catalysts were systematically compared.Catalyst characterization was performed using XRD, BET, SEM, XPS, H₂-TPR, and NH₃-TPD. The results show that although both Al and Y are trivalent, Y, as a rare-earth transition element, possesses a unique 4f electron configuration, which endows Y₂O₃ with richer oxygen vacancies and stronger electron-donating ability, significantly promoting the formation and dispersion of active Co²⁺ species. The 10Co/Y₂O₃ catalyst achieves an ammonia conversion of 100% at 700 ℃, and its specific surface area activity is 3.2 times that of 10Co/Al₂O₃. Although Al₂O₃ exhibits higher specific surface area and thermal stability, the spinel phase CoAl₂O₄ formed between the main-group element Al and Co shows low activity. This study provided new insights for the rational design of catalysts based on the periodic law.

Electrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production is a crucial technological approach for renewable energy storage and utilization. Based on the hydrogen evolution reaction mechanism, this paper systematically reviews the structural evolution of hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts from bulk materials, multidimensional nanostructures, to nanoclusters, single atoms, and single atom-nanocluster synergistic systems from the perspective of size regulation of active components. Extensive literature studies demonstrate that as the size of active species decreases, the metal atom utilization efficiency of catalysts significantly improves. Nanocluster and single atom catalysts exhibit intrinsic activity surpassing traditional bulk materials due to their unique quantum size effects and coordination environments while reducing noble metal usage. Notably, the synergistic system of single atoms and nanoclusters effectively promotes water molecule dissociation and hydrogen desorption through a dual-site mechanism, significantly enhancing alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction kinetics. Based on this, future research should focus on multi-scale structural regulation and precise synthesis, deeply elucidate the dynamic structure-activity relationships during the reaction process, and thereby design low-cost catalysts with high activity, high stability, and broad pH adaptability.

The demand for oxygen-containing plastics has grown rapidly due to their outstanding comprehensive properties, rendering the disposal of plastic waste an urgent environmental challenge. Among existing treatment methods, catalytic hydrogenolysis within chemical recycling is recognized as a green strategy aligned with sustainable development, as it can directionally convert oxygen-containing plastics into high-value chemicals (e.g., monomers, fuels). Homogeneous catalysts possess notable potential in this field by virtue of advantages such as mild reaction conditions and controllable product selectivity. This review systematically summarizes recent research progress in homogeneous catalysts for the catalytic hydrogenolysis of oxygen-containing plastics, focusing on catalyst design, reaction condition optimization, product regulation mechanisms, and structure-activity relationships, which offers theoretical reference for advancing the industrialization of this technology.

This study is dedicated to enhancing the photocatalytic performance of rod-like ZnO via surface modification with Pd and PdCu nanoparticles, with the goal of extending its spectral response and suppressing the recombination of photogenerated charge carriers. Rod-shaped ZnO was synthesized via the solvothermal method, with the total metal mass fraction controlled at 3%. The structural and optical properties of Pd/ZnO and PdCu/ZnO were comparatively investigated and correlated with their catalytic performance. Experimental results demonstrated that both Pd and PdCu modifications triggered a localized surface plasmon resonance effect, which facilitated the separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs and enhanced visible-light harvesting efficiency. Compared with PdCu/ZnO, although Pd/ZnO exhibits a wider band gap and a lower proportion of oxygen vacancies, it demonstrates a stronger separation capability for photogenerated carriers and thus achieves higher degradation efficiency. After 30 minutes of light irradiation, the RhB degradation rate of Pd/ZnO reaches 99.7%.Moreover,Pd/ZnO possesses excellent stability, with the degradation rate remaining at 96.9% after five cycling tests.

Inspection of long-term operating atmospheric and vacuum distillation units reveals that non-uniform thinning frequently occurs in the outlet pipeline of the atmospheric tower overhead air cooler, with local thinning rates exceeding 30%. The risk of pipeline perforation and rupture increased significantly, which could easily cause overhead oil and gas leakage. Analyses were carried out from some dimensions including pipeline material, operating condition and process anticorrosion technology. The results show that pipeline wall thinning primarily originates from erosion corrosion induced by gas-liquid two-phase flow, as well as under-deposit corrosion resulting from ammonium salt crystal deposition in the low-temperature zone at the atmospheric tower overhead. In response to this problem, a series of anti-corrosion optimization plans were proposed, including improving pipeline materials, introducing ultrasonic-electric desalination synergistic demulsification technology, strengthening crude oil demulsification to reduce the amount of chloride ions carried, expanding overhead water injection volume, and adding online desalination facilities. Relevant measures can effectively mitigate the corrosion rate of the tower overhead system, extend the service life of the equipment, and provide technical support for the safe, stable, and long-term operation of atmospheric and vacuum distillation unit.

Through the combination of imbibition and displacement,the impact of the combined action of imbibition and displacement on reservoir pressure and fluid flow during the soaking process after reverse hydraulic fracturing assisted oil displacement in low-permeability reservoirs was explored.A semi-analytical mathematical model for productivity prediction of reverse hydraulic fracturing assisted oil displacement is established,considering interlayer heterogeneity.An analysis was conducted on the changes in the flow field before and after soaking.Parametric studies are conducted to reveal the effects of permeability ratio, total injection volume,injection rate and soaking time on the pressure swept range,saturation swept range and cumulative oil production of each layer after soaking.The research results indicate that soaking well after hydraulic fracturing assisted oil displacement can enhance the energy enhancement effect of reverse hydraulic fracturing assisted oil displacement,further expand the affected area,and thus utilize more geological reserves.To achieve efficient development through hydraulic fracturing assisted oil displacement,it is recommended to consider layered mining when the permeability ratio is greater than 25.Meanwhile,the soaking time should be controlled within 10~15 days,with a properly reduced injection rate and increased total injection volume.

To address the problems of channeling through existing fractures, uneven reservoir stimulation,and limited recovery enhancement during reservoir development,the parameters of temporary plugging and directional fracturing were optimized through physical simulation experiments, and the fracture propagation laws were systematically analyzed.The effects of the mass ratio between granular temporary plugging agents (particle size: 0.31~0.34 cm) and powdery temporary plugging agents (particle size:0.10~0.18 cm), the total mass of temporary plugging agents,and the fracturing fluid injection rate on the plugging performance were investigated. Combined with large-scale physical simulation experiments, the fracture deflection characteristics were further analyzed. The results indicate a synergistic optimal relationship among the parameters.When the mass ratio of the two agents is 5∶5, the fracturing fluid injection volume is 2 000 mL, the total agent dosage is 50 g, and the injection rate is 100 mL/min,the sealing effect is optimal,with the sealed zone withstanding a stable pressure of 9.54 MPa and forming in just 81 s. In the large-scale physical model, the fracture deflection angle reached a maximum of 167.5° under this parameter combination, effectively blocking the propagation of existing fractures and forcing the fracturing fluid to expand into undeveloped areas of the reservoir. This study clarifies the optimal parameter system and fracture propagation mechanism,providing reliable experimental evidence and theoretical support for the in-situ remediation of existing fractures.