The treatment of concentrated wastewater produced in the oil field was studied via self-made oily-water segregator. This laboratory apparatus comprises corrugated plate with pressurized dissolved-air flotation technology. The effects of the oil concentration of wastewater and influent flow on the removal efficiency of oil were mainly investigated. When the temperature is 50 ℃, influent flow rate is 70 L/h, the coalescence plate is coated by the galvanized paint, the removal efficiency of oil is up to 86.4%.
Effects of Pb on properties of Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu alloy solder were studied by Microhardness tester, TDA and so on. The result shows that Pb plays an important role in properties of Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu solder alloy. The melting temperature, wettablity and microhardness can be improved by adding element Pb to the Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu alloy solder. The melting temperature is decreased 8% by adding Pb. When the content of Pb in the solder is 0.5％, Sn3.5Ag0.5Cu alloy solder shows the highest microhardness, and it up to 21.5, and then rapidly decrease.
The structure and reaction path of the doublet \[Si, O, C, P\] radical were explored by density functional theory and ab initio levels. Thirteen isomers connected by 15 interconversion transition states are located at the B3LYP/6-311G(d) level. At the QCISD/6-311G(d) level, one cyclic O-cCSiP5 and two bent isomers OSiCP1 and SiCPO3 are stable isomers. The bonding nature of the three isomers and the reaction path of isomers 1 and 5 were analyzed. The predicted structure and reaction path are expected to be informative for the identification of \[Si, O, C, P\] in the laboratory and space detectation.
Microwave plasma torch is used as exaction power, and Argon is used as work gas. Contents of copper and iron in gasoline were determined by microwave plasma torch atomic emission spectrometry (MPT-AES) with pneumatic nebulization sample introduction system. The influence of microwave power, support gas flow rate, work gas flow rate, oxygen shielded gas on the contents of copper and iron were discussed and optimized. The experimental results show that the detection limits of copper and iron are 5.3 and 22.1 μg/L respectively; RSD of the method is less than 2.83%; the linear ranges of copper and iron are 0.05～60 and 0.1～100 mg/L respectively; the recoveries of sample are in the range of 95.1％～103.5％. The method has many features,such as high sensitivity, rapidity, less sample quantity, low maintenance cost and accurate.
In order to improve the furfural solubility and selectivity in extracting furfural extract oil，single extraction in laboratory experiments was done by choosing ultrasonic method.The effect of ultrasonic frequency, intensity, reaction time and the way of the ultrasonic on yield and characteristic of the refined oil were mainly studied. The results show that the yield of refined oil significantly increased by 2%~3% , there is not obvious changes in basic properties of the refined oil but quality obviously improved with auxiliary assist of the ultrasound radiation when the operating temperature is 60 ℃.
The modified Flory-Huggins formula was adopted to calculate the free energy in mixing old asphalt with rejuvenator, and discussed their phase behavior. The solubility parameters and ratio of aromatic carbon of three aged asphalts are more than that of their materials. The mixing free energy of Caltex aged asphalt and rejuvenator R1 is above 0.0 (ΔGM＞0) at 25 ℃, their process of mixing is not spontaneity, so their mixing can’t form the homogeneous phase system. The mixing free energies of R2, R3, composite rejuvenator and aged asphalt are all below 0.0 (ΔGM＜0) at 25 ℃, their processes of mixing are spontaneity, so their mixing can form the homogeneous phase system.
The content of copper, zinc and nickel in waste active muddy soil were measured by microwave digestion-fire atomic absorption spectrometry（FAAS）, and the optimization condition was studied. The results are compared with that of acid digestion at atmosphere. The results of the above two method are similar. The experiment results show that two steps are suggested in microwave digestion. Microwave power is 340 W, constant time is 10 min, and microwave pressure is 0.4 MPa and 0.45 MPa in each step, respectively. Linear range of copper, zinc, nickel is 0～20，0～12 and 0～25 mg/L respectively. Detection limit of copper, zinc, nickel is 0.300 0，0.030 7 and 0.010 6 mg/L respectively. Average recovery of copper, zinc, nickel in waste active muddy soil samples is 97.6%,98.9% and 96.5% respectively, and relative standard deviation is 1.74%,0.95% and 1.00% respectively.
The cucumber seed oil was obtained by Soxhlet extraction with the seed as the raw material. Soxhlet extraction of oils from cucumber-seed was studied with single factor test, and the yield of cucumber-seed oils was the evaluation index. The influences of extracting solvent, extracting temperature, extracting time, the rate of raw material , and solvent on the yield of cucumber-seed oils were investigated respectively. The optimal conditions of Soxhlet method were obtained: extracting temperature is 68.5 ℃, extracting time is 8 h, the mass concentration of cucumber-seed oil is 0.071 g/mL, optimal extracting solvent is n-hexane. The oil yield reaches 40.38% under the optimal conditions.
Di-solvent is composed with epichlorohydrin and furfural. Two methods of furfural and di-solvent were investigated in recycle the used lubricating oil for effects. The experimental results show that the optimal technology conditions of di-solvent refining are the volume ratio of oxidant to oil 1.0 and V(epichlorohydrin)∶V(furfural) 1.5∶1. The optimal technology condition of furfural refining is the volume ratio of oxidant to oil 1.5 .Under the optimal technology conditions, the used engine oil total yield reach 73.95%. The properties of the recovered oil are viscosity index at 118.4, after append to a process of clay-adsorption, the recovered oil could be circularly used by harmonicing of proper quantities additions.
High temperature composite flooding systems with oil-washing, profile-controlling, viscosity-reduction functions were developed. It is used to solve the severe problems which were faced in the late development stage such as heavy oil reservoirs pressure declining greatly and ineffective steam channeling in high permeability zones, etc. FCY high temperature multifunctional foamer was researched as foaming agent of high temperature composite flooding systems, and plugging capacity of foam was measured by stable method. Effects of percolation velocity on plugging pressure differential and gas percolation mechanism under the existence of foam were researched by percolation experiments. Moreover, the resistance factor foam percolation model was built up based on experiment results of foam percolation mechanism. Good consistency between results from model and experiment results was found, and shear-thinning behavior of foam is described preferably. Effect of whole parameters, such as critical water saturation, capillary number, on gas percolation was also performed, and theory support is provided for steam-foam flooding in heavy oil reservoirs.
The inorganic chlorine was removed from crude oil by thermochemical deaquation process. The chlorine contents in Liaohe crude oil and its distillates were determined using microcoulometric titration, and the chlorine distribution combined with the yield were calculated. The analysis results demonstrate that the chlorine contents varied with the difference of types and origin of crude oil. Chlorine content of crude oil in east distillation unit is high up to 12.94 μg/g, and that of coking unit is only 3.9 μg/g. Most of the chlorines in crude oil of east and south distillation unit are inorganic chlorines, and the proportion is 62.13% and 60.08%, respectively. The contents of organic chlorines in west distillation unit is higher, and the proportion is 72.14%. Chlorines distribute in all crude oil fractions, and they mainly exist in the heavy fractions. The distribution result demonstrates that the chlorides in crudJIe oil exist with complex mixtures.
ZnO with spindle shape was synthesized by ultrasonic-assisted reflux method. The micrograph and structure of ZnO sample were charactered by SEM, TEM and XRD.The results show that basic content of solution, ultrasonic treatment and the mass of diethanolamine play an important role on the formation of ZnO with spindle shape. The growth mechanism of ZnO with spindle shape was discussed. Furthermore, the optical properties of ZnO with spindle shape were revealed by UV-Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy.
The technological conditions of lubricant synthesizing devices (five sets of coordinated equipment) of Fushun Chemical Plant was investigated in order to increase 8B aviation jet lubricant yield. The practical production and experiment indicate that the primary factors influence the yield and quality of 8B aviation jet lubricant are: composition of α-alkene, temperature of polymerization reaction, time of polymerization reaction, proportion of activator and operation of fractionating device.In the process of production and experiment, high quality paraffin is used to optimize the technological conditions of paraffin decomposition device in order to acquire higher quality α-alkene. Meanwhile, mass fraction of 8B aviation jet lubricant base oil can be boosted from 12%~15% increase to 17%~19% in normal decompressing fractionation through the optimization of technological conditions for subsequent polymerizing device and normal decompressor. It can greatly increase comprehensive economic profit of the device. This means that 4800 tons of paraffin material can be saved in producing every thousand tons of 8B aviation jet lubricant, and corresponding it has obvious economic benefits.
The origins and characteristics of oil sludge was illustrated in various stages of oil shale retorting. oil sludge was Extracted by the use of waste toluene, recovers shale oil by hot alkaline water elution. The mass concentrations of sodium carbonate, the mass of waste toluene and reaction temperature have played roles in the the yield of oil shale. After mixing the treated oil sludge with oil shale dust, sulphur-fixing agent etc., and then mold the mixture, and drying, the molded mixture is sent to retort for low temperature retorting. Thus, the reclamation and hazardfree treatment of oil sludge can be realized.
Through the use of finite element method, three-dimensional numerical simulation about soil temperature field of buried pipelines was finished. In the course of calculation, climatic conditions and the temperature of the soil were considered. Then the soil temperature field around underground hot oil pipelines during the course of starting transportation was compared when the temperature of the preheating media was different. The results show that increasing the media's temperature can achieve a better preheating, but if the temperature is over increased the result will not be perfect.
3_TPS_RRR virtual parallel machine prototype solid modeling was made and machine body were analyzed using Pro/E. The entity modeling on the three characteristics of a parallel machine tool modeling was established using Pro/E. The structure including hooker hinge, moving platform, static platform, scalable flu, the drive-structure and double-cross were designed. At last, used Pro/E body constraints to simulate 3_TPS_RRRs assembly and then get the virtual prototype solid model. Virtual prototype designed by Pro/E can cut design and manufacturing cycles, increasing productivity.
The development of welding stress-strain around welding pool was analyzed based on simulation on surfacing refusion of low-carbon steel sheet. The hypothesis that any cross-section retains flat when the sheet is being welded and cooled is not supported by development of relative deformation of 4 pair cross-section. The another definition of tensile strain and compression strain were put forward when the metal is heated or cooled. The data from simulation indicate that, to any point, the sum of the max compression strain and the max tensile strain, which amplitudes are larger than thermal strain, is equal with residual total strain. It couldnt prove that plastic strain is the token of metal status, compressed or stretched when it is affected by heat. The final distribution of compression strain couldnt be determined on the cross-section with max width welding pool. The result shows that the longitudinal residual stress is higher than yield strength of base metal at room temperature where the max plastic strain exceeds 0.2% and that the residual plastic strain is about 0.2% at the same zone.
The influences of torsion stiffness of harmonic gear drive considering crack were studied by use of fracture splits mechanics, the material mechanics and the system dynamics theories. The analytic calculation formulas of flexibility and stiffness coefficient on each member considering crack were deduced, the calculation methods of torsion stiffness were given and example enumerated. This method is simple and applicable to engineering calculation.
Fuel oil leakage of heat exchanger is a general question in the circulating water system of Chinas petrochemical industry. The hidden leakage in the heat exchanger of circulating water system makes it difficult to be discovered in time when it leaks. Thus it leads to a large amount of oil spill, the corrosion of water cooling equipment, and potential hazards of systems normal operation and safe production. Therefore, it is very important to develop one technology for safe production of the units and the long period operation of system that can promptly distinguish the leakage material and leakage spot. According to the vector angle method, programmings with VB6.0 that can auto analyze two liquid spectrograms and calculate the similarity. The results show that this method can evaluate the similarity of liquid chromatography very well and it can be used for the leakage detection of the refinery circulating water system.
Algorithm of fuzzy sliding mode iterative learning control was proposed for repetitive nonlinear rolling mill temperature control system with uncertainties. The algorithm was an iterative learning control algorithm, which took the function of a sliding mode control as the input of fuzzy control and took the fuzzy control output as the control increment of iterative learning control. To improve the convergence rate of ILC, a new ILC based on a sliding mode fuzzy control was presented which combined a sliding mode control with ILC. The fuzzy control in the algorithm can smooth the control signal and lessen the common dithering of sliding mode control. The simulation results indicate that the new algorithm is effective, which can achieve higher speediness than simplex feedback control.
By use of searching technique of ant colony algorithm, a rough set attribute reduction method based on ACA was proposed. The core was joined in initial pheromone in order to accelerate convergence. Dynamically adjusting the strategy of selection of the paths and the strategy of the trail information updating based on the distribution of the solutions, the algorithm can advance global capability. Experimental results show that the algorithm is effective, and has better convergence speed and stability.
The application of data mining in CRM (Customer Relationship Management) is a hot spot in recent years. CRM refers to the enterprise's approach to understand and influence customer behavior through meaningful communications in order to improve customer acquisition, customer retention, customer loyalty, and customer profitability. Adopting different services to different customers is based on the accumulation of vast amounts of data by the enterprise. The effective way to get the knowledge from these data is the technology of DM (Data Mining), which will provide basis for leader's decision-making, and achieve the objectives of CRM. The basic theory of the customer relationship management and data mining technology, and the application of DM in petrochemical enterprise CRM were discussed.
In digital transmission system, roll-off filter is usually used to shape the transmission wave form that does not produce Inter Symbol Interference (ISI). The roll-off filter must satisfy the Nyquests first criterion. But in many papers and books, only graphs are used to illustrate the construction of the characters of the shaping filters which were deduced from the Nyquests first criterion. The Nyquests first criterion was deduced according to Nyquests sampling theorem and used it reversely, and then the method to construct shaping filters which satisfied Nyquest's first criterion was given. The mathematical model is clear, and the result is same as the graph method.
The characterization of self-adjoint domains for symmetric differential operators with interior singular points in the direct sum spaces was investigated. By constructing different quotient spaces, using the method of symplectic geometry, self-adjoint extensions of symmetric differential operators in the direct sum spaces for the different deficiency indices at (2, 2)and(1,1)singular points was studied. The classification and description of complete Lagrangian submanifold that correspond with self-adjoint domains of second order differential operators were given.
Curve fitting method of BP neural network was introduced and applied in the model of the dispersion of calcite crystals by MATLAB tools. The results show that BP algorithm has high forecasting capacity and good generalization capacity in three areas: the map of curve fitting, the deviation curve and the error norm. BP neural network can automatically identify mathematical model, which has higher precision, and its principle is relatively simple. So it is a very good tool for complex input-output system.
Stock ownership is the key elements of board governance that relates to the corporate performance. The positive correlation of the stock ownership and corporate performance was analyzed using three variables as stock ownership including stock proportion, amount and worth. The positive correlation was more marked for corporation share when ownership structure was considered. Finally, a series of suggestions for enhancing the efficiency of corporate performance were put forward.
Chinas banks are facing more and more financial risks. It is the urgent problem to our bank that how to control the risks. The fuzzy probability was presented to analyze the risks of the bank, including the fuzziness and variable. The conclusion that risks in chinas bank is very high. It has put a new way to establish the financial risk guard.
