Using sodium lignosulfonate and copper chloride dihydrate as raw materials, and activated carbon modified materials under different synthetic conditions were prepared by calcination under N2 atmosphere by impregnation and activation. The structure and surface morphology of the prepared materials were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and other testing methods. Taking K2Cr2O7 solution with mass concentration of 20 mg/L as the research object, the Cr(Ⅵ) content in the solution was detected by Diphenyl carbamide chromogenic method, and the adsorption capacity of the prepared activated carbon modified materials was calculated. According to the experimental results, when the proportion of copper is 20% and the calcination temperature is 700 ℃, the adsorption performance of the material is the best, and the adsorption capacity is 72.2 mg/g. The adsorption process conforms to the Langmuir monolayer adsorption and Pseudo-second-order kinetics.
The environmental contamination caused by tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) has aroused widespread concern, photocatalytic degradation of TC has become an effective method. CeO2 was prepared by coprecipitation method, and solvothermal synthesis of CeO2@UiO-66 composite catalysts. The prepared catalysts were characterized by FT-IR, XRD, SEM and EDS respectively, and the effects of the amount of CeO2, catalyst mass concentration and H2O2 mass fraction on the photocatalytic degradation of TC were also investigated. The results showed that CeO2@UiO?66 was successfully synthesized. When the amount of CeO2 substance is 25 mmol, the mass concentration of TC solution is 20 mg/L, the mass concentration of catalyst is 0.2 g/L, and the mass fraction of H2O2 is 2%, CeO2@UiO?66 photocatalytic effect is the best, and the TC degradation rate reaches over 98% when irradiated by UV lamp for 70 min. The free radical trapping experiments showed that holes and ·OH were the main contributors in the photocatalytic process. In addition, after six cycles, the degradation rate of TC composite photocatalyst can still maintain above 85%, which indicates its good stability.
Using the synergistic effect of surfactant mixture to reduce oil?water interfacial tension and crude oil viscosity is an important method to improve oil recovery in recent years.The content of each component of crude oil produced from each oil field is different, so it is necessary to screen the suitable surfactant according to the component content.In this paper, the interfacial tension and emulsifying properties of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and lauryl glucoside (APG1214) in Liaohe crude oil were studied by rotating drop interfacial tensiometer and bottle test method. The interfacial tension was studied by changing different compounding ratios, salinity and pH value, and the viscosity of the emulsion was measured by viscometer.The results show that the interfacial tension between oil and water can be reduced and the stable heavy oil emulsion can be formed by adding proper amount of inorganic salt in combination of surfactant.
Microbial dewaxing of crude oil is an efficient and simple method. In order to further improve the paraffin degradation rate of microorganisms, two strains L and K were used to form paraffin degradation mixed bacteria, and their degradation conditions were optimized. The factors affecting the degradation of mixed bacteria (culture temperature, initial pH value of culture medium, salt concentration, and V（L strain ）/V（K strain）) were determined by orthogonal experiment and single factor experiment. Box-Behnken method was used to design four?factor three?level experiment and response surface optimization, and a mathematical model was established to explore the best conditions for the degradation of paraffin by mixed bacteria. The experimental results showed that the influence of four single factors is as follows: V（L strain）/V（K strain）>culture temperature>salt concentration>initial pH value of culture medium. Their primary term, secondary term and individual interaction term had significant influence on the paraffin degradation rate. The optimal experimental operating conditions for the mixed bacteria to degrade paraffin were determined as follows: culture temperature 37.2 ℃, initial pH value of culture medium 7.3, salt concentration of culture medium 1.2%, ratio of mixed bacteria V（L strain）/V（K strain）=1.0∶1.6, and paraffin degradation rate 58.67%. The mixed bacteria were used to act on crude oil under the optimized conditions, and the biodegradation rate was 41.38%,have good application prospects.
Poly (butyleneadipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) was used to toughen poly (lactic acid) (PLA), and a fully biodegradable high impact PLA/PBAT composite was prepared. To improve the interface compatibility between PBAT and PLA, PBAT grafted glycidyl methacrylate (GMA)(PBAT-GMA) compatibilizer was prepared by the melt grafting method. The effect of the mass fraction of compatibilizer on the properties of PLA/PBAT composite was studied. The results show that with the increase of PBAT-GMA mass fraction, the impact strength of the composites is significantly improved. When the PBAT?GMA mass fraction is 30%, the impact strength of the composites reaches 64.8 kJ/m2, and the elongation at break is 289.9%; the compatibilizing mechanism is the epoxy groups on PBAT?GMA can react with the end groups of PLA, which effectively improves the interfacial compatibility between PLA and PBAT.
Co@CNT/CN nanocomposites were obtained by a simple one-pot co?precipitation method using dicyandiamide, glucose and cobalt nitrate as raw materials. The effect of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the catalytic activity of Co was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and electrochemical tests. The results show that Co@CNT/CN can be obtained only at the calcination temperature of 850 ℃. And after electrochemical performance test, it was found that the electrocatalytic activity of Co@CNT/CN material with carbon nanotubes was significantly higher than that of other samples, mainly because carbon nanotubes have special conductivity, but also can promote the separation of Co elemental, reduce the agglomeration phenomenon, so as to obtain higher electrocatalytic activity.
Deep and ultra-deep carbonate oil and gas reservoirs, with their vast reserves and immense potential, have emerged as critical strategic assets in global energy supply. However, the complex challenges posed by high-temperature, high-pressure environments, intricate pore-throat structures, and the coexistence of macro-pores, dissolution cavities, and fractures make traditional exploration and production technologies insufficient to manage such complexity. As exploration and development progress, precise reservoir characterization and seepage behavior research face significant hurdles, including advanced modeling, complex seepage experiments, and accurate description of reservoir properties. Therefore, this review offers an in-depth analysis of the latest developments and key challenges in the characterization and seepage behavior of deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs. It provides a comprehensive summary of cutting?edge methods for detailed microstructural reservoir characterization and multi?attribute seismic interpretation techniques enhanced by artificial intelligence. The paper also explores the application and success of multi?scale characterization approaches in complex reservoirs,while outlining the primary technical strategies and emerging trends in reservoir identification and description. Additionally,the article emphasizes recent advancements in understanding seepage characteristics under high-temperature and high?pressure conditions in deep carbonate reservoirs, focusing on multi-scale seepage theory and gas-water two?phase flow mechanisms. By examining experimental data and theoretical models from both domestic and international research, the review highlights current challenges and future directions in seepage studies, providing valuable insights for the development and efficient exploitation of deep and ultra?deep oil and gas reservoirs.
In oil and gas extraction, coiled tubing technology has attracted much attention because of its advantages such as fast operation time, little damage to the formation low labor intensity, etc. The research of coiled tubing technology is a systematic project involving many aspects. This paper first starts the discussion from the domestic and international literature published and the main research scholars review the development process of coiled tubing technology, and summarise the relevant achievements existing in China. At present, the coiled tubing technology is in the stage of rapid development, but the research of coiled tubing in ultra-deep wells is minimal. The authors describe the relevant research carried out by the team on the downhole accessibility of coiled tubing in ultra-deep wells, the extension of the horizontal section of coiled tubing, the optimization of the construction parameters of coiled tubing operation, and the downhole safety assessment of coiled tubing operation. According to the current status of coiled tubing technology research in ultra-deep wells, it is suggested to carry out the research related to the real-time warning technology of coiled tubing fatigue life based on the digital intelligence technology, the ability of tractor?driven coiled tubing extension, and the research and development of high?temperature?resistant tools and fluids, to solve the technical difficulties of coiled tubing operation in ultra-deep wells.
There are several sets of formation pressure systems in Y structure of block X in Bohai Sea. Shahejie Formation and its upper strata are sedimentary undercompacted layers. dc index method is adopted to monitor formation pressure. The Mesozoic buried-hills are widely distributed in medium acid volcanic rocks, which are non-sedimentary underpressure layers. The formation pressure monitoring method of Sigma index is used to monitor the formation pressure. The real drilling shows that the formation pressure monitoring method of dc index has good applicability in the formation profile pressure monitoring dominated by sand and mudstone. The formation pressure monitoring method of Sigma index has a good application effect in the non-sand mudstone formation profile pressure monitoring, and the combined application of the two provides effective technical support for the smooth drilling. The application of Sigma index formation pressure monitoring method in deep and ultra?deep layers effectively improves the accuracy of the deep and ultra?deep layer pressure monitoring technology while drilling. The practical application shows that the results of formation pressure monitoring while drilling are in good conformity with the measured formation pressure results, and the formation pressure monitoring method of Sigma index has the value of popularization and application in deep and ultra-deep formation.
The terrestrial gas reservoirs in the northeastern Sichuan region have reserves of over 100 billion cubic meters in the Xujiahe River. In the early stages, small?scale sand fracturing or acid fracturing were mainly used for production, but no significant breakthrough in productivity was achieved. Due to the tight and high fracture pressure of the Xujiahe reservoir, the construction displacement is limited, making it difficult to add sand and resulting in poor transformation effects. By conducting research on the guarantee technology for the operation of potential tapping wells, the Xujiahe potential tapping well wellbore treatment and fine pressure control technology have been developed, which has solved the problems of wellbore control and pressure control during construction operations caused by the coexistence of original test layers and large differences in ground pressure coefficients. The idea of tapping the potential of multiple layers in a single pipeline column has been proposed, forming a combination of large?diameter oil pipes and segmented fracturing pipelines with packers. The interactive operation of 140.0 MPa and 105.0 MPa wellheads meets the requirements of ultra?high pressure large?scale sand addition operations and later production. The application has been carried out in YB6, YL15, and YL171 wells, successfully achieving potential tapping operations in three old wells. A layer by layer fracturing of the four reservoirs was completed in the YL171 well using a single string, resulting in a production of 32 5000 cubic meters per day at a hydraulic pressure of 71.0 MPa.
Metal corrosion is an irreversible destructive behavior, therefore, the research of anticorrosive coatings has become a vital research topic in various fields. With the development of recent years, the single protective form of anti?corrosion coating is no longer sought after, the advent of barrier/self-healing coatings has added a significant complement to anti?corrosion coatings and has become one of the most widely studied topic today. Subsequently，new anti-corrosion forms such as ion exchange, hydrophobicity and intelligent self-warning have appeared on the market. Dual/multi-functional anti?corrosion coatings that integrate self-healing, barrier properties, hydrophobic properties and intelligent self-warning properties have also become research topics in recent years. In this paper, the research progress of barrier/self-healing bifunctional anti?corrosion coatings, other dual-function anti-corrosion coatings (ion exchange/self-healing coatings, hydrophobic/self-healing, self-warning/self-healing) and multi-functional anti-corrosion coatings are reviewed, and the future development direction of more intelligent and green dual/multi-functional coatings is prospected.
Card sleeve joints are widely used in the connection of hydraulic and pneumatic equipment such as oil and gas pipelines, and its connection reliability has an important impact on the safety of oil and gas pipelines. However, there is no report on the influence of external working conditions on the stress characteristics of the thread of card sleeve joints in oilfield ground pipelines. A three?dimensional model of the double card sleeve joint was established using SolidWorks software; The maximum equivalent stress (Von Mises stress) of the sleeve joint was numerically analyzed using ANSYS finite element software. The results indicate that within the yield limit, the greater the axial force, the better the sealing performance of the sleeve joint, while the internal pressure has little effect on the sealing of the pipe joint, and the risk of thread sticking due to excessive stress can be ignored; The influence of thread parameters on sealing performance is significant; The optimal pitch and number of threads for a sleeve joint with an outer diameter of 12 mm and an inner diameter of 9 mm are 1.5 mm and 7, respectively. The research results can provide theoretical basis and reference for the optimization of structural performance and scientific operation in the assembly process of card sleeve joints, which has important engineering significance.
A power cycle (KC-TORC) combining a Kalina cycle and a three?stage organic Rankine is proposed to address the problems of large flue gas discharge with high temperature and low flue gas outlet temperature that is easy to cause corrosion of industrial pipelines in the industrial production process. A circulation system was constructed by using the method of thermodynamic simulation, taking industrial flue gas as the heat source and liquefied natural gas (LNG) as the cold source,and the effects of kalina cycle evaporation temperature, LNG post?pump pressure and three?stage organic Rankine cycle (ORC) turbine inlet temperature on the thermodynamic performance were analyzed by varying the flue gas outlet temperature. The results show that the maximum exergy efficiency is 62.89% at a flue gas outlet temperature of 30 ℃ and a Kalina cycle evaporation temperature of 112 ℃. The maximum thermal efficiency is 32.09% at a flue gas outlet temperature of 120 ℃ and three?stage ORC turbine inlet temperature of 160 ℃, and the net output power can be up to 2.04 MW. The annual NAV could be up to 5.773×106 dollars. The KC?TORC power cycle shows good advantages in thermodynamic and economic aspects, which is important for environmental protection.
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