Aromatizat ion of Mixing C₄ Over SO^{2 -}₄/TiO₂/HZSM -5 Catalyst at Low Temperatures
SU Gang,G UI Jian -zhou,et al
2006, 26 (2): 1-4.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 155KB ) ( ) 　　
　 The SO^{2 -}₄ / TiO₂/HZSM -5 solid acid catalyst was prepared by impregnation and deposition method.The investigation was made for aromatization of mix ed C₄ over SO^{2 -}₄ / TiO₂/HZSM -5 solid acid catalyst at low temperature .The influences of TiO₂ mass fraction , sulfuric acid impregnation concentration, impregnation time , mass ratio of liquid to solid , binder mass fraction, precipitation and aging temperature , calcinations temperature and space velocity on reaction performance were studied .The results show that the binder mass fraction and the impregnation concentration of sulfuric acid have great effect on the activity of the catalyst .Catalysis performance is better when mass fraction of γ-Al₂O₃ binder is 30%.Low liquid hourly space velocity contributes to increasing selectivity of BTX(benzene,toluene,xylene)and aromatics.Furthermore , to get the similar yield of BTX and aromatics, the reaction temperature is about 140 ℃ lower compared with ZnNi/ HZSM -5 catalyst.
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Refining of Strait Run Diesel Oil by Compound eagent F -L2 Complexing Ex traction
REN Su -hua,YU Chunhua
2006, 26 (2): 5-7.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 166KB ) ( ) 　　
       suitable compound solvent (F -L₂)containing a kind of metallic ion was selected to remove the nitrogen compounds by complexing extraction in strait run diesel oil.At the same time the optimal experimental conditions were determined .The results show that the best operational conditions of the technology are that the mass ratio of agent to diesel is 1∶20, the reaction time is 0 .5 min and reaction temperature is 30 ℃.The extraction rate of basic nitrogen by the reagent F -L₂ is 88%.The color has been improved obviously .The refined oil recovery is about 96 %.The processing has some characters such as simple equipment, low refining expenditure , easy to control and no pollution.It has been realized industrialization in some small refineries.
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Analysis of Copper and Zinc in Regular Hair and Dropped Hair : Microw ave Digestion -Flame Atomic Absorption Spect rometry
ZHANG Jin -sheng,YU Yu -hong,LI Li -hua,et al
2006, 26 (2): 8-11.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 178KB ) ( ) 　　
　  Hair samples were digested in a microwave digestion system .Nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide solution were added to the sample in a closed digestion vessel and then digested in a microwave oven .The mass fraction of Cu and Zn in regular and dropped hair were detected by flame atomic absorption spectrometry .The results show that the mass fraction of Cu and Zn in regular hair of men whose age is 30 ～ 40 are 7 .78, 146 .87μg/ g and in dropped hair are 6 .88, 138.67μg/ g respectively .The mass fraction of Cu and Zn in regular hair of women whose age is 30 ～ 40 are 8 .14, 159.63μg/ g and in dropped hair are 7.92 , 155.20μg/g respectively .The mass fraction of Cu and Zn in regular hair of suckling women who are less than 30 are 7.33 , 143 .66μg/g and in dropped hair 6 .23 , 129.39μg/g respectively .The results also show that the mass fraction of Cu and Zn in dropped hair are obviously lower than those of Cu and Zn in regular hair of the same person.
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Spectrophotometric Determination of Aluminum in Polypropylene Resin and Crude Oil
SHEN Chun -yu,LIU Li -x ing
2006, 26 (2): 12-14.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 145KB ) ( ) 　　
　  Chromazurine S was used as colored indicator chromomeric agent to determine micro aluminum in polypropylene resin and crude oil with complexes micellar spectro photometer .The measuring conditions and ashing conditions were studied.Through adding masking agent to mask interfering ions, after samples was burned to ashes at 700 ℃ for at least 4 h .The results show that the molar absorption coefficient is 7.93 ×104 L/(mol·cm)and the linear correlation is 0 .998 6 at 660nm wave length.The linear range of aluminum mass concentration is 0 ～ 0 .32 mg/ L.The average recovery rate of the artificial synthetic sample is 96 .88 %.The real samples were analyzed.The analytical result of relative standard variation is 2.04 %～ 3.06 %.The average recovery rate is 96.73 %～ 98 .29 %
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Comparison of Wastes Rubber Cracking Techniques Between Supercritical Water Method and T radi tional Methods
DU Zhao -hui,SUN Shu -fang
2006, 26 (2): 15-18.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 192KB ) ( ) 　　
　    The experiments of thermal cracking , catalytic cracking and supercritical water cracking were done using waste rubber as the material .Three different cracking reactions relating to the yield of fluid oil and cracking time were investigated and compared.The results show that waste rubber can get the highest yield of fluid oil under the supercritical water condition , which can reach 59 .20% and the cracking time is only 5 min.The yield of fluid oil is 45.32% and the cracking time is 50 min in the catalytic cracking experiment .The yield of fluid oil is 39 .67% and the cracking time is 60 min in the thermal cracking experiment .The experiment using supercritical water as a reaction medium can shorten reaction time , effectively crack waste rubber , no pollution to ecological environment comparing with traditional thermal cracking and catalytic cracking .The problems of long reaction time , high energy consumption , low heat -translation rate , coke forming and so on existing in thermal cracking and the catalytic cracking are avoided.
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Factors of Silicon Dioxide Inorganic Membrane Prepared by Sol -Gel Method
QIU Guo -min,WANG Xing -li,ZHANG Ke -zheng
2006, 26 (2): 19-22.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 443KB ) ( ) 　　
　   Silicon dioxide inorganic membranes on Al2O3 matrix were prepared by Sol -Gel method using tetraethox ysilane (TEOS)as precursor and ethanol as the solvent .The effects of pH , chemical additives, heat treatment rate of temperature increase and the mole ratio of TEOS to ethanol on the quality of inorganic membranes were investigated .The results show that pH can affect the polymerization rate of TEOS , accordingly relate the quality of film directly .The gelation time is the long est w hen pH is 1 .8.Adding chemical additive N , N -dimethylformamide can prevent the film to chap.The rate of temperature increase during the heat treatment process is the main factor of film quality .Controlling the rate of temperature increase should be divide into two stages.It is controlled a t 0 .5 ℃/min before 210 ℃, and 1 ℃/ min from 210 ℃ to 600 ℃.When the mole ratio of TEOS to ethanol is 1∶6 .08,the film coating period is shorter than that of 1∶13 .64.
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Effects of Oil Content on Properties of Bio -Activated Sludge in Oil Refining Wast Water
DU Hua, FENG Zhi -gang，et al
2006, 26 (2): 23-26.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 190KB ) ( ) 　　
　  The capacity of oil is increased fixed other conditions to form the impact on the activated sludge system when the star ting sludge mass concentration are 1 .5 ×10³ , 2 .0 ×10³ , 2 .5 ×10³ mg/ L.When the oil mass concentration is 10 mg/L , the impact on the performance of activated sludge is faint .When it is 15 mg/ L, the activated sludge system is impacted in a degree , but the performance of activated sludge is not changed greatly and the system can circulate normally .The activated sludge system is impacted obviously w hen the oil mass concentration is 20 mg/ L.When it is 30 mg/ L , the activated sludge system is impacted obviously and continuous circulating can' t be recovered .Meanwhile , the evolvement process of microorganism species was observed.
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Analysis of Submerged Fermentation Conditions of spergillus niger LN0401 to Produce Cellulase
WANG Zhan -yong,SU Ting -ting
2006, 26 (2): 27-30.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 179KB ) ( ) 　　
　  he Aspergillus niger LN0401 was used to produce cellulase by submerged fermentation .The influence factors of cultural medium carbon source , cultural medium nitrogen source , cultural time , cultural temperature , initial pH , and inoculation volumic fraction of spore suspending liquid on produced cellulose ability of the stain were studied .The optimum conditions of producing cellulose are as follows.The carbon source of culture medium is straw powder , and its mass fraction is 5%.The nitrogen source of culture medium is peptone, and its mass fraction is 1%.The cultural time is 3 d.The cultural temperature is 30 ℃.The initial pH is 6 .0 .The 6%～ 8 % inoculation volumic fraction of spore suspending liquid is added to 250 m L conical flask with 100mL submerged culture medium .Shaking table revolution is 150 r/ min.Under these conditions, the Aspergillus niger LN0401 CMC enzyme activity reaches to 195 .6 ～ 198 .5 U/mL , and FPA enzyme activity reaches to 27.7 ～ 30 .4U/mL .
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Heat Effect Analysis of Paraffin Wax Catalytic Oxidation
KANG Lei,LIAO Ke -jian,et al
2006, 26 (2): 31-33.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 166KB ) ( ) 　　
　    Paraffin wax was mix ed with microcry stalline paraffin wax by the mass ratio o f 4∶1.The total mass is 100 g .The catalyst and cocatalyst were added.The oxidation reaction w as taken place at the certain reaction temperature, air flow , and reaction time.The analysis of the heat -effect indicates that the maximum energy of forming the free radical and the activation energy are greatly affected by the air flow and the reaction temperature .When the air flow is 4 L/min, the temperature is 170 ℃, the maximum energy of forming the free radical and the activation energy are lower , the reaction is easy to occur .The forming of free radical is greatly affected by the mass of the catalyst and  cocatalyst .When the catalyst mass is 0 .016 g and the cocatalyst mass is 1 .6 g , the free radical is easy to be formed.The optimal reaction time is 6 h .
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Catalytic Synthesis of Tetradecylbenzene With Supported HF/USY Catalyst
LIU Chuan -bin,WANG Yue -mei,SHEN Jian
2006, 26 (2): 34-37.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 168KB ) ( ) 　　
　    Tetradecy lbenzene was prepared by the alkylation of benzene with tetradecene over supported hydrofluoric acid on USY. The catalytic performances of the catalysts were investigated by alkylation reaction of benzene and tetradecene in a liquid fixed micro -reactor .The influences of reaction temperature, calcination temperature , space velocity and the composition of the catalysts on the catalytic performances were studied .Then the catalyst stability performance was also studied.The results show that the conversion of tetradecene is 98 .54 % and selectivity of 2-tetradecylbenzene is 52 .68 % under the conditions of 6.0 %mass fraction of fluorine , 300 ℃ calcinations temperature , 140 ℃ reaction temperature , 3 .0 h^-1 space velocity(WHSV), and 10∶1 of mole ratio of benzene and tetradecene .HF/ USY catalysts have highly activity and stability .
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Cataly tic Synthesis of Acetals or Ketals With γ-Al₂O₃ Supported ^{SO2 -}₄ -TiO₂ Solid Superacid Catalyst
ZHANG Xiao -li,GAO Wen -yi,REN Li -guo
2006, 26 (2): 38-41.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 164KB ) ( ) 　　
　  SO^{2 -}₄ -TiO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ solid superacid catalysts were prepared by impregnation method.Benzaldehyde ethylene glycol acetal was synthesized from benzaldehyde and ethylene glycol on SO^{2 -}₄ -TiO₂/γ-Al₂O₃  solid superacid catalyst .The effects of calcination temperature of catalyst , mass fraction of TiO2 , molar ratio of benzaldehyde and ethylene glycol, catalyst mass, types and mass of water -carrying reagent , refluxing time and catalyst stability on reaction were investigated.The results show that the calcination temperature is 500 ℃, the mass fraction of TiO₂ is 10%, the mass of catalyst is 1.1 g , the molar ratio of benzaldehyde and ethylene glycol is 1∶1.2, 20mL toluene is water -carrying reagent , 1 .5 h refluxing time .Under the optimum conditions , the yield and purity of a benzaldehyde ethylene glycol acetal were 96.1% and 99.6%, respectively .SO^{2 -}₄ -TiO₂/γ-Al₂O₃ solid superacid catalyst has good catalytic activity in the synthesis of other acetals(or ketals)
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Catalytic Synthesis of Oxymolybdenum Dialkydi thiophosphate
ZHANG Ding -tian, ZHAO De -zhi
2006, 26 (2): 42-45.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 154KB ) ( ) 　　
　    Oxymolybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate(MoDDP)additive was synthesized by using the new type catalyst HY-6 acidic ion-exchange resin .The effects of mass fraction and the yield of the metal molybdenum , the reactant selectivity , the preparation conditions of dialkydithiophosphate (HDDP)were investigated .The optimum process conditions were determined .The optimum reaction conditions for preparing HDDP are as follows :molar ratio of the compound alcohol (C₄ , C₈)to P2S5 is 3.95∶1, reaction temperature is 70 ～ 90 ℃, reaction time is 2 h .The optimum reaction conditions for preparing MoDDP are as follows:reaction temperature is 80 ～ 100 ℃, reaction time is 4～ 6 h with HY-6 as catalyst .The results show that the mass fraction of molybdenum content of product is above 10 %, the yield of MoDDP reach 85 %.The friction test machine antiwear performances of MoDDP were evaluated .The product by this catalytic method has the similar effectiveness to that of reduction method.
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Development of Aloe Lower Sugar Rice Juice
HU Chang -hai,ZENG Ling
2006, 26 (2): 46-48.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 143KB ) ( ) 　　
　    The rice distillate of aloe juice with low sugar content is a kind of complex drink that is efficacious to healthcare .The unique dual techniques of enzymolysis and lixiviation were adopted to manufacture aloe juice .By experiments and research , the manufacture plans of rice distillate are as follow s:mass ratio of rice and water is 3∶100 , after 100 min heating and boiling , 20 ～ 30 minlixiviating at 90 ～ 95 ℃, filtrating , and then enzymolysis with α-amylase .The optimal enzymolysis conditions are that the enzyme activity is 20 U/ g , the temperature is 60 ℃, pH is 6 .5, the reaction time is 3 .5 h .According to the contrastive experiments , the best formulation is 90 g rice distillate after enzymolysis, 10 g aloe juice after lixiviation , 0 .1 g composite stabilizer ,0 .25 g sweet element , 2.5 g honey .After enzymolysis , the content of amylum in lixivicating rice liquid and aloe juice reduces greatly , so that it is easy to filtrate .
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Treatment of Hospital Waste Water With Polysilicate Aluminum
SONG Bo,DING Bao -hong
2006, 26 (2): 49-51.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 142KB ) ( ) 　　
        Hospital waste water was treated with polysilicate aluminum as coagulant, and using chlorine dioxide to kill bacteria .Conditional experiments were investigated about influence of pH , volume of coagulant , mixing speed , mixing time and sedimentation time to the removal rate of CODCr .The results show that the removal rate of CODCr can reach 88% under the conditions of pH 7.7, 0 .2 mL flocculation agent per 100mL waste water , 60 r/ min mixing speed, 25 s mixing time and 20 min sedimentation time .Water quality can reach the 2nd standard to drain off water in China af ter killing bacteria with cholorine dioxide .It can be drained off directly without pollution .It is more perfect than traditional Fe -family coagulant .The raw materials of poly silicate aluminum are abundant and inexpensive .The cost of the waste water treatment is only 0 .30 Yuan/ t .The practical application of poly silicate aluminum is advisable
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Optimal Design and Energy Saving Analy sis of Heat Preservation Structure for Industrial Pipeline
LI Chun -cheng, XIE Yu -jun,et al
2006, 26 (2): 52-55.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 161KB ) ( ) 　　
        At present , the heat preservation structure with equal thickness is widely used in industrial pipeline .The testing data from spot test of heat preservation structure with equal thickness for a certain pipeline were analyzed by means of Fluent software .Through analyzing testing data , the temperature of pipeline surface shows a distribution rule that the temperature of to p pipe is high and that of the bottom pipe is low .Thus, the design of heat preservation structure with equal thickness is reasonless.The temperature rule of pipeline outer surface was studied respectively under the conditions of both wind and non -wind.According to the heat exchange method of network , taking minimal thermal losses and maximal economical benefits as an optimized objective , an optimized design model of heat preservation structure for pipeline was set up .Moreover , a new design method of heat preservation structure with non-equal thickness is brought forward .The results show that comparing with heat preservation structure with equal thickness, under the condition of same medium inside pipelines and permitted thermal loss , that the heat preservation structure with non -equal thickness is adopted makes volumes of heat preservation materials being decreased by 3%～ 4%.At the same time , the cost of heat preservation material is cut down 3%～ 4 %.
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Structure Analysis on Liquid Distributor at the Tube Box Entrance of Plate Air -Cooled Cooler
ZHANG Su -xiang,YUAN Zhong -ze,SUN Tie
2006, 26 (2): 56-58.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 128KB ) ( ) 　　
        Plate air -cooled cooler is a new kind of coolers that combines the merits of both plate heat exchanger and air -cooled heat exchanger .It has better water -saving and less environment -polluting characteristics , and combines high efficiency with more circulation areas of plate heat exchanger .So it' s a new kind of advanced, high efficient and energy -saving heat exchanger .Since plate bundles of plate heat exchangers were designated vertically , while the medium enters plate bundles, the uniform level has an important influence on coo ling efficiency .Pushing force, outflow mode , jam possibility , resistance to liquid , influence by erosion,operation flexibility , weight and distributed mass of three kinds of liquid distributors were analyzed.Distributed mass and pressure drop of liquid distributors are analyzed.The structure design ideas and evaluation criterion are obtained.
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Computing on Turbulent Flow Properties in Combustion Chambers With Dif ferent ω-Shape -Pits
YE Zhi -wei
2006, 26 (2): 59-62.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 183KB ) ( ) 　　
Gas flow inside internal combustion engine cylinders is a very complicated 3D turbulent flow .The characteristic of turbulent flow in engines is highly compressible , rotational and anisotropic.To simulate and analyze combustion and exhaust accurately , it is necessary to describe and simulate the movement of turbulent flow in cylinder .A nonlinear eddy -viscosity turbulent flow model, which adopted third-order cor relation of stress tensor and strain tensor , was modified and applied to flow computing of turbulent flow of internal combustion engine .The model was used to compute gas flow of several kinds of ω-shape -pit combustion chambers, and emphasizes on observing the change of turbulence energy located in different places o f the combustion chambers with different structures.The result that the structure of combustion chambers influences the turbulence energy in the cylinders w as given.The result shows that pit structure has a heavy influence on distribution of turbulence energy and average turbulent energy .Through
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Stress Intensity Factors for Center Crack in Sectional Ⅰ -Beam
YOU Guo -w u,XIE Yu -jun
2006, 26 (2): 63-65.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 161KB ) ( ) 　　
　    The Ⅰ -beam is a widely used structure in engineering .Any crack in it may cause the structure failure .Ⅰ -beam with cracks relates to typical three -dimensional finite boundary problem .It is difficult to determine the stress intensity factors by using the traditional method .A new method to determine stress -intensity was proposed, which applied release rate of non -spontaneous extending energy to solving stress-intensity factors of center cracks in section I -beam under the uniformly distributed load.The relationship between the G ^＊ integral of release rate of non -spontaneous ex tending energy and stress -intensity factors w as given. The relationships among G^＊ integral , load, geometry parameters and machine function parameters were provided .Furthermore , the stress-intensity factor of center cracks in sectional Ⅰ -beam was obtained.
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Discussion on the Schemata of ERM Data Warehouse
LIU Yang,HE Chuan,LI Xin,GONG Xiao -yan
2006, 26 (2): 66-70.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 177KB ) ( ) 　　
　    If an enterprise does not monopolize the market , most members o n the market are not its customers.In order to attract the potential customers, enterprises must spend a large amount of time and energy on understanding and analyzing user' s behaviors. Among the traditional commercial affairs , it possibly depends on intuition but no t on facts, because they cannot trace the non -customer' s behavior .But in the ERM data warehouse systems of oriented e -commerce , user' s behaviors can be understood and analyzed through click -stream data .User' s activities can be linked to make a complete access history by using clustering methods. Depending on it , more customers are attracted and market requirements are satisfied better .Through comparing the difference between CRM system and ERM system in B2C environment , the schema of ERM data warehouse was discussed .The schema contains the user -behavior -fact table to record all activities of different users, the basic data dimensional tables and clustering data dimensional tables .An improved method of the schema of ERM data warehouse under the different E-commerce environments was also discussed.
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Research and Implementation of 3D Imaging System for Multi -Arm Caliper Logging T ool
QI Wen -juan
2006, 26 (2): 71-74.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 243KB ) ( ) 　　
        Each arm of multi -arm caliper logging tool has its independent detector and sensor , so multi-arm caliper logging tool can measure and get lots of information about boreholes, log the inner diameter values of casing tube in different directions , obtain more accurate information about shape changes, remnant wall thickness, bend, rupture , and erosion.Users can see the visual logging results if the measured borehole data are drawn in the form of 3D image .Based on research on 3D visualization technique , a simple and effective algorithm was presented and the 3D reconstruction of casing tube was realized .A 3D imaging software was developed with OpenGL and Delphi.The implement method was introduced in detail.3D image can be shown on the screen to realize the functions of rotating , scaling , combination, sectioning and man-machine interaction.3D image is clear and accurate , which provides reliable information for oilfield casing tube analysis.The algorithm is also suitable for other similar applications.
 
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Improving Computing Speed of Genetic Algorithm
WANG Yong,WANG Hong -liang
2006, 26 (2): 75-78.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 240KB ) ( ) 　　
　    In the network planning , introducing genetic algorithm improves accuracy and efficiency of network optimization.The slow computing speed is an obvious deficiency of genetic algorithm , which influences directly application effect of the algorithm .A method to solve the problem was proposed through analyzing the reason and mechanism of influencing computing speed of genetic algorithm.Experiments prove that the method is correct and effective .According to experiment results, factors to influence computing speed of genetic algorithm mainly relates to size of search space , select mechanism of paternal chromosome in the process of evolution , partial optimization accumulation resulted from crossed computation, and handling of invalid chromosome during evolution. Accordingly , search space is decreased by adopting restrict mechanism of problem space ;paternal chromosome is selected through dramatic threshold value ;through adopting roulette method for selection and adding optimum reserved strategy , diversity of colony is kept to break partial optimization accumulation, the optimum individual is insured to enter the next generation directly ;circular number is reduced through applying revised strategy to handle the invalid chromosome , and at the same time , diversity of samples is increased and partial convergence is avoided.Thus, the efficiency of network optimization is improved .
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Image Edge -Detection Based on Mathematical Morphology of Multi -Structure Element Algorithm
WANG Jian -bin,JI Yu -bo
2006, 26 (2): 79-82.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 242KB ) ( ) 　　
　    Based on mathematical morphology of multi -structure element , an algorithm of image edge -detection was pro posed. With edge threshold and noise having different morphology , while detecting the edge , it needs determining the pixel whose gradient varies obviously .Then it applies multi -structure element to erosion operating of binary morphology to determine that the pixel is edge or noise.If it is noise , the pixel is removed, otherwise kept .In order to test the effect of algorithm , the results of this algorithm and of several traditional algorithms to extract edge of image were given .Experiment results show that the algorithm detects image edge successfully , and effect of edge -detection is evidently better than classical Sobel operator and Canny operator .
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Design and Implementation of Web Information Extraction System Based on HTMLParser
LI Yan -g ang,WEI Hai -ping
2006, 26 (2): 83-86.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 156KB ) ( ) 　　
　    The rapid growth of the Web contents increases the need for some automatic tools to help to find the exact information among the magnanimous information sources such as titles , links, emails, pictures etc .The Web pages expressed by HTML, after analyzed by Internet Explorer , are suitable for browse , but not for machine processing as the way of data exchange .The principle of HTM LParser and related knowledge of regular expression , package HTM LParser and regular expression were introduced .Taking extracting email information inside websites as an example , the scheme of design was proposed.The principle of email extraction and key technique were presented.The algorithm of email extraction was given .URL extraction module , email extraction module and storage module were described in detail.The result of extraction is stored in database for the use of data retrieval.
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