Nickelbased supported catalysts on γAl2O3 or SiO2 from Ni(NO3)2,NiCl2 and NiSO4 were prepared by NaBH4 reduction at low temperature. The effect of supports, nickel source, loading and reduction method on the catalytic performance of phenol hydrogenation was investigated . Among the three nickel salts, NiCl2 was the best in NaBH4 reduction system. It was shown that in NaBH4 reduction system the support γAl2O3 displayed better than SiO2. The main products of phenol hydrogenation were cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, and the selectivity of cyclohexanol was higher on nickel supported catalysts. When the ratio of n(B)/n(Ni) was 3, the catalytic conversion of phenol hydrogenation was the highest. However, the nickel supported catalysts prepared by NaBH4 reduction were vulnerable in hightemperature resistance.
Process simulation software Aspen HYSYS was used to establish British DAVY seriesparallel methanol synthesis upon steady state process in this study. A concept of equilibrium temperature interval was used to show the distance to equilibrium state in the model of equilibrium reactor. According to the contrast results of influence of exhausted gas positions on inlet gas and outlet gas mole fraction of methanol syntheses reactors, mass flow of crude methanol, mass fraction of crude methanol and recycle gas mass flow, different exhausted gas positions were proposed. Mass flow of recycle gas could be reduced at a lower value with this new exhausted gas position, which could widen the operation flexibility of methanol synthesis process. It could play a direct role in the actual production as well as design of following new process.
The adsorbents of SMC loaded copper oxide were prepared by using equal volume impregnation method, and their dechlorination performance of adsorbing hydrogenchloride in the reformate was investigated. Xray Diffraction (XRD) and N2 adsorption were used to characterize the prepared adsorbents. The effect of the loading amounts of copper oxide species, LHSV, nitial content of chlorine in reformate and reaction temperature were studied. The results showed that the dechlorination capacity could reach to 19.5% at a LHSV of 4 h-1 under 50 ℃ with the initial content of chlorine in reformate was not less than 20 ng/μL when load of CuO/C was 15%.
High thermal stability insoluble sulfur samples were prepared by lowtemperature melting process, and the performance evaluation was carried out through a rubber vulcanization process with imported product as reference sample. The surface of the rubber "blooming" phenomenon was studied with the scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the thermal stability of insoluble sulfur sample prepared in laboratory is improved by nearly 50%. In the rubber vulcanization test, the rubber scorch time is prolonged by insoluble sulfur samples at low temperatures, and the cure rate at high temperatures is increased. Meanwhile, the "blooming" phenomenon is greatly reduced. The proformances of the insoluble sulfur sample are comparable to those of the reference sample.
The property and composition of ethylene cracking tar were investigated by four component analyses and the method of ndM. The results were shown that amount of the aromatic hydrocarbon, colloid and asphaltene was higher in the ethylene cracking tar. On the other hand, the delayed coke simulation test was carried on the selfmade apparatus based on the ethylene cracking tar as materials or doping different ratio of the ethylene cracking tar into the coking materials as material under the conditions was that the 500 ℃ and normal atmosphere. The results showed that the fraction of gasoline and wax oil was decreased, but the fraction of diesel oil and coke was increased under the doping ratio of ethylene cracking tar in coke material was increased. Compared with the industrial production device, under the doping ratio of ethylene cracking tar was 20%, the density of gasoline was nearly not changed, the fraction of sulfur and actual colloid were increased slightly, the initial boiling point and dry point of the middle distillate (200～350 ℃) was nearly not changed, however the density of the middle distillate (200～350 ℃) was increased, but the actual colloid was decreased. As for the coke, the fraction of volatile and ash was increased, but the fraction of water and sulfur was decreased apparent. The result mentioned above showed that the doping ratio of ethylene cracking tar was 20% will not affect apparently the production of the delayed coking.
The treatment conditions of centrifugal deoiled sludge are investigated. As a result, the optimum operation conditions are obtained. The dehydration rate can reach 92.17% when deoiled sludge are first stirred for 9 min before centrifugation, then centrifuged at 3 000 r/min centrifugal for 20 min speed, under conditions of 10 mL centrifugal additive, 4 g handling capacity and 4∶1 of the deoiled sludge and scum mud. In addition, it is demonstrated that stirring before centrifuging is helpful to improve the dehydration rate of oily sludge.
The graphene oxide (GO) is dispersed in HPAM which is served as the matrix, and GO/HPAM composite system is prepared by physical blending method. The laboratory evaluation experiment shows that: when the amount of GO accounts for 5% of HPAM, the viscosity of GO/HPAM composite system is maximum, and the addition of GO making the viscosity of the composite system increase by nearly 63.82%.GO can be uniformly dispersed in the HPAM solution, and the stability of GO/HPAM composite system is quite good. Stability parameter TSI adds up to about 2.1 and then doesn’t change any more. GO/HPAM composite system and the single HPAM solution are both pseudoplastic fluid, but GO/HPAM composite system is closer to the Newton fluid with better viscosity and shearing resistance. Under the different temperature, the viscosity of composite system of GO/HPAM is higher than that of HPAM solution.
Based on the research of sandstone slice samples and its petrological characteristics in Chang 4+5，Chang 6 sandstone reservoir of YD oilfield, diagenesis and the influence degree of diagenesis on porosity and permeability of reservoir were studied. Diagenetic evolution sequence in Chang 4+5，Chang 6 sandstone reservoir was established and diagenetica stage, pore evolution of the study area were devided. The results indicated that sandstone diagenesis this area was strong and abundant. Mechanical compaction, pressure solution, cementation and metasomatism were the key factors which led to loss of the primary pores in Yanchang Group sandstone reservoir. Also, the above factorsresulted in flow ability lost of acidic ground fluids, which made dissolution become poor and reservoir become particularly tight. According to the classification discipline of clastics diagenesis phase, the sandstone of Yanchang Group experienced sorts of diagenesis, where its intensity was significant and was now in the early period of late diagenetic (A). Sandstone pore had experienced many evolution processes, which were the initial pore slashed. A small amount of residual intergranular pores was retained and all kinds of pores gradually developed into corrosion pores. Diagenesis in upper Chang 4+5 was more favorable for hydrocarbon transfusion and reservoir.
Aiming at the situation of high CO2 content in Changbei gas field and serious corrosion of surface gathering pipeline, an effective corrosion inhibitor was indeed needed to ease the corrosion rate of surface gathering pipeline. Through the evaluation of corrosion inhibition efficiency and emulsifying property of the existing corrosion inhibitor, a corrosion inhibitor for high CO2 gas fields KYC2 was optimized. The property of KYC2 in high pressure simulated corrosion environment was evaluated by autoclave corrosion evaluation experiment. The field test showed that KYC2 corrosion inhibitor was selected to be used in the field test. Using the prefilm method, the filling mode of four test wells was rotation every three days filling by branch trunk continuous way. When the concentration was 25 mg/(100 m3), corrosion inhibition efficiency was over 90%, and processing cost was only 0.03 (RMB)yuan/(100 m3). This corrosion inhibitor has significantly economic and social benefits.
According to the characteristics of Cretaceous shale Toolebuc reservoir in the north eastern margin of EROMANGA basin, the core of well logging was determined, and the shale contents of main minerals and total porosity were established using logging data and experimental results regression method. A set of logging interpretation models of hydrocarbon saturation, permeability and the total content of gas were established, comprehensive interpretation and evaluation method for the area of shale gas reservoir layer were also built. The method can provide refined interpretation for shale reservoirs of Toobeluc and has a good application effect.
Xingliudong Block, having been developed for more than 40 years, finished its third infilling in 2007. Aiming at the problems of excessive layers, interlayer heterogeneity and great discrepancy of each layer’s producing extent, the waterflooding experiment of different permeability contrast combinations was carried out. Combining the adjustment research of layer series and well pattern, this reservoir is divided into three layer series which have a permeability contrast less than 6. Three corresponding well patterns are designed, which are significantfor the development of oil layers, especially the poor layers. With the numerical simulation technology, the best scheme is selected. According to the results, scheme 2, raising the oil recovery to 49.18%, is the best solution.
The foam properties of single and mixed surfactant systems prepared by zwitterionic surfactant NhexadecylN,Ndimethyl3ammonio1propane sulfonate (HDPS) and anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS) were investigated by Waring Blender method. And the effect of intermolecular interaction between HDPS and SDS on the foam properties was analyzed. It has been found that the electrostatic attraction between the headgroups of HDPS and SDS not only reinforces the surface activity but also promotes the formation of compacted adsorption film in the gasliquid surface for the mixed surfactant system. Therefore the foam comprehensive exponents of mixed HDPS and SDS surfactant systems are higher than that of each single surfactant in clean water and highly mineralized water, which exhibits the synergetic enhancement foaming properties.
A cardanol phenolformaldehyde resin was synthesized using cardanol and formaldehyde as raw material, and the cardanol based phenolformaldehyde resin block polyether demulsifier (CPFE) was further synthesized using cardanol phenolformaldehyde resin as initiator through polymerization with epoxy propane (PO) and epoxyethane (EO), respectively. The crtical micelle concentration of CPFE was measured with the method of surface tension, and the results showed that the crtical micelle concentration of CPFE was 80 mg/L and the γcmc was 17.38 mN/m. The oilwater interfacial tension of CPFE was determined with a spinning drop tension meter. The influences of concentration and temperature on oilwater interfacial tensions were discussed in detail. Experimental results showed that the oilwater interfacial tension dereased obviously with the increase of concentration of CPFE, and the interfacial activity of CPFE dedined as temperature increased, which illustrated that the CPFE could be applied in low temperature environment. The oil droplet rupture constant k was measured by single droplet method, and the oil droplet rupture constant k increased with the increase of CPFE concentration.
In order to explore the binary composite system interface characteristics of adsorption resistance and low tension, Texas500 spinning drop interfacial tensiometer and core flow device were used to measure the initial interfacial tension and simulate dynamic interfacial tension.The effect of interfacial tension and adsorption capacity was confirmed through the static adsorption experiments. The results showed that the new Ecompound system interfacial tension of 10-3 orders of magnitude can also be formed when active dosage was as low as 0.05% and polymer concentration was up to 2 500 mg/L. Static adsorption proved that interfacial tension 10-3 orders of magnitude can be maintained when amount of adsorption agent was little after first adsorption. Dynamic flow experiment results showed that even considering absorption and dilution, dynamic interfacial tension of the binary system can still maintain a 10-3 orders of magnitude in 0.6 PV.
In order to further explore intramolecular rosslinked gelation mechanism of Cr3+ polymer gel under different pH conditions, effect of pH on Cr3+ polymer gel gelation performance was researched. Polymer gelformulation composition with good gelation performance was obtained by orthogonal experiment taking polymer mass concentration, water solution salinity and "polymer/Cr3+ " as the influence factors, aimed at Daqing Lamadian oilfield geological characteristics and fluid properties. The results showed that acidic conditions could promote ionization of chromium acetate and increase the number of Cr3+ in solution, thus increase the probability of coordination reaction between carboxyl in polymer chains and polynuclear olation complex ion, which is in favor of the formation of intramolecular crosslinked Cr3+ polymer gel system. The number of OH- was increased with solvent water pH, which could result in the reduction of Cr3+ involved in crosslinking reaction and gelation performance getting worse accordingly. when the system was similar to intramolecular crosslinked Cr3+ polymer gel, gelation performance of polymer gel system can be further improved by appropriately reducing pH value of solvent water.
A resultant forecast model for prediction of hourly load of natural gas is proposed based on Haar wavelet transforming and ARIMARBF in this paper. Firstly, adopting Mallat fast algorithm and choosing Haar wavelet as mother wavelet, the gas hour load is decomposed, then the high frequency signals are predicted with ARIMA, and the low frequency is predicted with RBF. Secondly, the high frequency and the low frequency are reconstructed by Haar wavelet. Finally, taking gas hour load of a city for example, the effectiveness of prediction model is verified and compared with SOFM+MLP. The results indicate that the MAPE of the combination forecasting model is higher than 2.593 2%, the prediction accuracy is significantly improved in this paper, which provide a new useful reference for the shortterm forecasting in online engineering application.
The design for export pipeline of high viscous crude oil was optimized based on the engineering project. The simulation and economic comparison of continuous transportation in the single pipeline, continuous transportation of oil and water respectively in two pipelines and batch transportation of oil and water in a same pipeline was performed. According to the analysis results, the batch transportation of oil and water in a same pipeline was the optimal scheme and the optimal diameter was determined. The results can be concluded that gas consumption increased with the rising of transmission temperature and power consumption decreased with rising of transmission temperature by analyzing the influence of the transmission temperature on the energy consumption of pipeline. The operation cost of water blending system rised first and reduced later with rising of transmission temperature,and reached the lowest point when the transmission temperature was between 50 ~ 55 ℃.
In consideration of the bubble in the film of annular flow and the droplet in the gas core, the previous model of Smith has been modified in order to predict the void fraction in horizontal pipes more accurately. During the gas quality range of 0.048 5~0.796 0, as to Smith model, the void fraction prediction error of stratified flow and annular flow was 29.2% and 18.6% respectively. On the contrary, as to stratified flow, the corresponding prediction error of the modified model was 10.89% and in annular flow the prediction error was 13.3%. The experimental results showed that the prediction accuracy was improved greatly compared with Smith model.
According to the process feature of different distribution of the hoses in the quantitative of loading system, the mathematical model was built for the calculations of loading time in the quantitative loading system. Furthermore the numerical method for solving the hydraulic calculation of ration loading system and the basic idea was discussed, then the flow rates in collecting pipeline and the hose at a certain liquid level were obtained by using iterative method. The flow of each hose was calculated by applying the procedure of quantitative loading system in VC++6.0 highlevel language, and the loading time was got. The model can be applied to quantitative tank car loading system design, transformation, and operational management which provides theoretical support with calculation, analysis, optimization and operation management, etc., of the quantitative tank car loading system.
Since high moisture content is one of the characteristics of oil field in China, an oilwater two phase homogeneous flow model was established in this study. Finite volume method and pressure velocity coupling PISO algorithm were adopted to conduct the numerical simulation of oilwater two phase flow in Ttube. The influences of different diameter ratios on the internal local resistance of Ttube were studied. The distributions of pressure and velocity in the Ttube were accessed through calculation. The results indicated that on the intersection of the main pipe and branch pipe, local resistance was the highest, which was obviously higher than the frictional resistances before and after the intersection. Different diameter ratios had great influence on local resistance loss on the intersection. With the increase of vertical branch pipe diameter, local resistance loss increased accordingly. In addition, since the volume of main pipe became larger after the confluence, the frictional resistances were all larger than those before the confluence.
