The accelerated oxidation reaction was carried out on an oxidation simulator in order to study the oxidative deterioration property of methyl linoleate under conditions of different temperature. The oxidative curves were determined by GC. In addition, the induction period of methyl linoleate was determined by the Rancimat method. A simple series reaction model was adopted for simulating the oxidation process. The integration equation was obtained for the firstorder series reaction, and the parameters of the kinetic equations were calculated by both the integral method and the differential equation method. Thus, the macrokinetic equationswere established, which could be used for the establishment of thermal oxidation deterioration kinetic model of biodiesel.
Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (ESIFTICRMS) coupled with Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) were used to analysize the composition of organic pollutants. Based on this, the comprehensive analysis method for heavy oil processing wastewater was established. The comprehensive analysis of biochemical process effluent demonstrated that refractory macromolecular polar organic pollutants and nonpolar alkanes were main components of organic load. The total number of polar organic pollutants was 376, and Ox, NxOx and SxOx were main classes which were presumed to be organic acids, esters and heterocyclic compounds. Most polar organic pollutants were unsaturated molecules with the structure of aromatic ring, polycyclic and heterocyclic. Ncontained heterocyclic compounds and nitrate contributed to highconcentration total nitrogen. COD degradation and nitrogen removal of biochemical process were improved, and advanced treatment of catalytic ozonation was also used which will benefit the heavy oil processing wastewater in order to meet discharge standards.
Surface acidities of the Y zeolites(NaY, HY, LCeY and HRSY3) were characterized by temperatureprogrammed desorption of ammonia(NH3TPD) and in situ fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy using pyridine as probe molecule (PyFTIR). The adsorption and catalytic transformation behaviors of sulfides on Y zeolites modified by rare ions were studied by in situ fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy (in situ FTIR) technology using thiophene andthiophane as the probe molecules, respectively. The results indicated that thiophene molecules protonated upon the strong Brnsted acid sites of the zeolites at room temperature, then protonated products could further oligomerize. The synergy between L acid sites (included Ce species andnonframework aluminum species) and Brnsted (B) acid sites was favorable to oligomerization reaction of Thiophene, however, there were no reactions of thiophane over NaY, HY and REY.
The thermodynamic simulation analysis for methanol steam reforming hydrogen production system of kilowatt proton exchange membrane fuel cell was researched by Aspen Plus software. The influences of water to methanol mole ratio (0.8~1.6), reaction temperature (140~400 ℃), and pressure (101.325~506.625 kPa) on methanol steam reforming process were investigated. The results show that the methanol equilibrium conversion and CO mole fraction increase when the temperature is raised, while the H2 mole fraction decreases at the same time. The equilibrium conversion of methanol decreases with pressure increasing, but the pressure has little effect on the mole fraction of H2 and CO. The equilibrium conversion of methanol is improved with the water to methanol mole ratio raising. However, a large number of water vapor will increase the load of the system and lower the thermal efficiency. Therefore, the appropriate range of water to methanol mole ratio is between 1.2 and 1.4. It can be found that H2 mole fraction is 64.27% and CO content is below 10-5 ultimately through simulation of the hydrogen source system, which can provide hydrogen source for kilowatt proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Polyvinyl alcohol/cerium pyrophosphate composite films were prepared by solution blending and dipcoating method. Artificial accelerate ultraviolet experiment of this composite films was conducted. The UV spectra and mechanical properties analysis of cerium pyrophosphate/PVA composite films with different aging time proved that the composite films had the function of antiultraviolet radiation and its mechanical property remained well after the UV aging. Thermo gravimetric, water vapor transmission, water resistance and oil resistance of cerium pyrophosphate/PVA composite films were studied which showed that properties of the cerium pyrophosphate/PVA were better than the pure PVA films.
Mesoporous Y Zeolites were prepared by alkaline solution etching method using industrial NaY zeolite powders as raw materials. The crystal structure of the samples was characterized using Xray diffraction (XRD) and skeleton Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The pore structure and morphology were measured by N2 adsorption isotherms and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The acid properties were characterized using pyridineinfrared spectroscopy (PyFTIR) technique. The results show that NaY zeolites can maintain the topology of zeolite crystal and basic morphology structure after treated in a suitable concentration by alkaline solution at mild conditions. A defected mesoporous structure in the zeolite is obtained in the process of alkaline solution etching. In addition, the alkali etching has little effect on the amount of B acid sites of H type zeolites, while, the number of L acid centers greatly reduces in the mesoporous Y Zeolites.
In this study, C 2H4C l 2/ T i C l 4first used as catalyst in the decoloration ofC9 fraction which was steamed out in the preperation of petroleum resin. The impurity was examined as olefin by GCMS analysis. The results showed that C 2H4C l 2/ T i C l 4 had the advantages of small usage and short reaction time in the catalystic reaction. Achromatic, transparent and lowtemperated distillation which contains 0.72% olefin was obtained at 50 ℃ for 3 h with reactants components of 0.2% C 2H4C l 2, 1.1% TiCl4 and 0.9% 2,6dimethyl pyridine. The distillation product was divided into two parts of fraction oil (boiling range: 100~140 ℃ and 141~198 ℃). Its composition and quality technical indicators met with standard of rubber solvent oil and paint solvent oil.
The qualitative and quantitative of sulfur forms in Middle East mixed crude oil AR were analyzed in a fixedbed hydrogenation reactor. The results illustrated that the total sulfur in hydrotreated residue reduced gradually with the depth of hydrotreating. 83.22% of sulfur in the residue was removed. Distribution of sulfur content in feed and products was increased with the increasing of temperature. Ultimately, in distillate(<350 ℃), sulfide sulfur and a majority of benzothiophenes were removed. Although the influence of steric hindrance existed, most of dibenzothiophenes was also removed.
The MoP/A l2O3 catalyst precursor was prepared with impregnation method and a series of A l2O3supported molybdenum phosphide catalysts were prepared by convention reductionpassivationreduction method using the precursor. The catalytic activity of MoP/A l2O3 was investigated on different conditions in solvent oil C6, C7 as model compounds. The results showed that the application conditions of MoP/A l2O3 catalyst with 22% and 14% molybdenum trioxide content were reaction temperature 210 ℃, space velocity 1.5 h-1 and reaction temperature 230 ℃ and space velocity 1.5 h-1 respectively.
LD1 block is an ordinary heavy oil reservoirs of high porosity and permeability with characteristic of small reserves, thin reservoir thickness, and sufficient energy of edge water. With the limit of low single well controlled reserves of vertical wells and high drilling cost, it is difficult to exploit the block. Development and application of horizontal wells have obvious advantages in such reservoirs, so study about horizontal well deployment is started. Edge water has a great influence on exploitation of heavy oil reservoir using steam stimulation. In order to maximize economic benefits, sensitivity study in permeability, oil saturation and water energy are carried out.The length of horizontal well and the height of water avoidance are optimized to improve the effect of single well development and oil steam ratio, delay the water invasion, and provide reference for the same kind reservoirs.
The influence of water swelling of coal rock on reservoir was studied by means of static observation experiments and core dynamic flow experiments. The water sensitive mechanism of coal was revealed, and the control methods of the coal rock water sensitive was proposed. The experiment results show that water sensitivity of coal rock is easily happened, which damages the strata a lot. Core flow of compacted coal powder is studied, which shows that particle migration is caused by clay mineral hydration swellingand causes the drop of permeability. The damage on reservoir is irreversible, while KCl has a good effect on control of coal rock expansion.
The breakthrough pressure of several different artificial coremodels was measured after injecting 4 kinds of plugging agents, respectively. Combining with the stratum parameter of QHD326 oilfield, a relationship curve between the gradient of breakthrough pressure and the permeability of stratum was described under different formulas, and a relationship curve between plugging radius and water shutoff rate was obtained. Basing on this curve three slugs were designed in order to plug water effectively with less plugging agent according to the distance from measurement point to the oil well, and a best dosage was obtained finally.
The corrosion of X70 steel was simulated at plug flow using the homemade experimental apparatus. The effect of CO2 partial pressure on CO2 corrosion of X70 steel was studied by analysis of the bolt surface morphology, corrosion rate, and online coupon corrosion situation using electronic microscope, bolt and electrochemical corrosion online monitoring. The results showed there was two effect of the pros and cons on of CO2 partial pressure on CO2 corrosion of X70 steel. On the one hand, enhances of corrosive medium acidity accelerated the corrosion rate, on the other hand, CO2-3 combined withMg 2+、 C a 2+、 F e 2+ and a layer of corrosion product film was formed which reduced the corrosion rate when concentration of CO2-3 increased. The effect of CO2 partial pressure on CO2 corrosion of X70 steel was closely related to the temperature. The CO2 partial pressure reduced when the corrosion rate achieved the highest point and protection role was greater than corrosion role for X70 steel substrate with the increasing of temperature.
The properties of DongfangYangpuHaikou and DongfangSanya pipeline natural gas were analyzed, the content of CO2 was 4.94%(mol) and 8.21%(mol) respectively, which was more than 3%(mol) required in standard (Q/SY 30—2002). The content of H2S was 25.2 mg/m3 in the DongfangSanya pipeline natural gas, which was also more than standard of 20 mg/m3. So, the chemical corrosion of DongfangSanya pipeline was serious. By the test of sulfate reducing bacteria cultivating, sulfate reducing bacteria corrosion was proved in DongfangYangpuHaikou pipeline, although it was very slight.
The reservoir condition moderate level of gas well was taken as an example to research the proper Tubing diameter in Daqing Oilfield gas storage. Predicted the generation of gas storage, and optimized the formulation and amount of inhibitor.The node analysis method was used to research gas production capacity, pressure loss, liquid carrying capacity and the erosion resistance on the diameter of tubing effect. The results showed that the ability to natural gas injection and production increase with the increasing tubing diameter and wellhead pressure. The gas storage injectionproduction volume requirements could be met, when the tubing diameter was more than 50.8 mm. The well bore pressure loss increase with the injectionproduction volume increases, but decrease with the increasing tubing diameter. The tubing pressure loss was less, when the tubing diameter was more than 63.5 mm. Comprehensive analysis the 63.5 mm tubing was more reasonable used in gas storage. Meanwhile, erosion and effusion could be avoided. When Production volume was very low, the tubing would generate natural gas hydrate.The adding method was recommended to prevent hydrate formation, the inhibitor was used methanol and ethylene glycol to the volume ratio of 2∶3, and the amount was 0.03 m3/d.
By setting up numerical models of pipeline normal operation, temperature drop along the pipeline after shutdown and restart procedure, the normal and opposite direction transportation pipeline shutdown and restart procedure were described. The relative errors of the results calculated using the numerical models were less than 2%, so thermal variation along the pipeline can be simulated accurately. Based on the numerical models, maximum safe time after shutdown in different seasons, temperature drop along the pipeline after shutdown and flow recovery after restart in winter were calculated, respectively. The results can provide evidence for production management, safe and highly efficient operation of hotoil pipeline.
In order to improve the monitoring efficiency and reliability of oil and gas pipeline, the monitoring method of petroleum pipeline temperature based on singleended Brillouin optical time domain analysis has been proposed. The temperature experiment at oil and gas pipelines leakage location has been taken. The experiment results show that distributed optical fiber sensing technology based on Brillouin scattering can accurately monitor and identify the pipeline temperature change. The temperature measurement resolution can reach 3 ℃ and spatial resolution of 1 meter in 25 km sensing fiber.
The rheological characteristics of high waxy oil and water system in different condition were studied, which provided theoretical support for produced fluid of high pourpoint oil gathering and transferring. Oilwater viscosity distribution characteristics were measured under different conditions with VT550 viscometer. Effection of temperature and water cut on thixotropic and dilution shearing characteristics was obtained. Oil and water distribution with different water cut was observation using CCDADAPTER micro meter. The results show that the higher the temperature, the smaller the yield stress. With the temperature increasing, the dropping speed of yield stress becomes smaller. When water cut of the oil/water system is high, the apparent viscosity is still low even the temperature is below freezing point. The more close to the freezing point temperature, the more close to the phase inversion point moisture content, the more obvious shear thinning characteristic, the stronger the nonNewtonian fluid properties are. When the water cut is near the phase inversion point, water phase is distributed in the oil phase with uniform and dense form, which leads to the huge apparent viscosity.
Along with the global climate warming, carbon capture and sequestration(CCS) have become a hot issue, and raise worldwide attentions in recent years. In this paper, adsorption behavior, influence factors, regeneration ability, potential application and existing problems of several common lowtemperature solid adsorbents for CO2 capturing are reviewed. Meanwhile, the theoretical calculation in the relevant fields is introduced. Finally, a perspective view of the potential development of the solid adsorbents is given.
