The ZSM5/KL composite zeolite, using ZSM5 as base material, was synthesized by twostep crystallization. The morphology of shell was controlled by regulating the series, temperature and time of crystallization. These samples were characterized by XRD, Nitrogen adsorptiondesorption and SEM, respectively, and evaluated by the npentane aromatization. The results show that different ways of crystallization has great effect on composite zeolite morphology. Compared with singlestep crystallization method, the twostep crystallization can effectively control the grain growth of shell phase L nanocrystals on the ZSM5 surface, and promote the formation of coreshell structure composite zeolite. Reaction experiment shows that the coreshell composite zeolite has better performance of aromatization than epitaxial crystal type composite zeolite.
Micro/nano ZnO with pomponlike shapes has been successfully synthesized by using Zn(Ac)2•2H2O and NaOH (mole ratio 1∶6) as the raw materials and the glutamate fluoboric acid ionic liquid aqueous solution as the reaction medium at the room temperature (25 ℃, 20 min) and then under microwave heating (80 ℃,10 min). The synthesized samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy combined with energy disperse Xray analysis (SEMEDS), Xray powder diffraction (XRD) and the BrunauerEmmettTeller (BET) analysis. The product had hexagonal (wurtzite) structure, the particle size of the powder was about 20.4 nm, and the specific surface area of the pomponlike ZnO was 27.6 m2/g, with high activity on the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. The photodegradation experiments were conducted on mixed printing and dyeing sewage (500 mL) from drain outlets of Beijing SnowLotus Cashmere Co., Ltd., with ultraviolet light as the light source and 50 mg of micro/nano ZnO pompons as the photodegradation catalyst, giving a photodegradation efficiency of 100% within 30 min. Besides that, the catalyst was reusable. The photodegradation mechanism were also discussed.
A series of copolyesterspoly(butylene terephthalatecobutylene itaconate) (PBTI) were synthesized by melt polycondensation from dimethyl itaconate(DI), 1,4butanediol(BD) and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT). On this basis, hydrophilic diol( PEG) was selected as comonomer component to react with DI，DMI and BD via direct melt polycondensation. A series of degradable aliphaticaromatic copolyesters (PBTIG) with different PEG molecular weight and content were synthesized. Hydrolytic degradation results demonstrated that with the increase of the itaconic acid content, the degradation rate was speeded up, andthe hydrophilic PEG significantly increased the degradation rate of the copolyesters. The hydrolysis experiments showed that after 160 h, the residual of the PBTI was 91.35%, while, the residual amount is only 81.20% after adding hydrophilic PEG. The degradation rate was increased by 117.34% than PBTI.
At present the most prominent problem of emulsified asphalt slurry seal technology was the lack of slow breaking and fast setting asphalt emulsifier. Amide cationic asphalt emulsifier was synthesized using octadecanoic acid, seed oil fatty acids and triethylene tetramine as raw materials. The best conditions were obtained. Comparing the test results of the performance and the road construction of emulsified asphalt, it was found that the amide cationic asphalt emulsifier had advantages of strong emulsifying capacity, less emulsifier dosage, higher adhesion speed and better storage stability.
The physical and chemical properties of NaY zeolites and liquid phase cerium ion exchanged Y zeolites (LCeY) were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption, NH3TPD, and insitu PyFTIR. The adsorption behavior of thiophene on NaY and LCeY zeolites was studied by using frequency response (FR) technique and intelligent gravimetric analyzer (IGA), and the different adsorption models of thiophene on Y zeolites modified by rare earth metal were investigated simultaneously. The results indicate that different mass transfer processes in the micropores of these zeolites can be validly identified by FR technique. The adsorption behavior of thiophene on NaY zeolites is relatively simple. Two mass transfer processes can be measured, containing channel adsorption and π electron interaction. While, the adsorption behavior of thiophene on LCeY zeolites is relatively complex. Except for two adsorption processes of adsorption in micropores and "SM" adsorption, complex catalytic reaction processes is also detected in LCeY zeolites under the condition of high temperature.
Mannich inhibitor was synthesized using cinnamaldehyde, acetophenone and aniline as raw materials, Cyclodextrins as phase transfer catalyst, through condensation of aldehydes and ketones amine generate in the aqueousphase. Under corrosive conditions of refinerycrude oil distillationunit, the optimum polarization extrin amount 0.3% was determined by taking weight loss method and curve scyclod. Effect of the corrosion inhibition of the mannich alkali was investigated using the weight loss method, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy .The results showed that the Mannich base was a mixed corrosion inhibitor mainly by restraining the anodic process, and the inhibition rate increased with increasing of Mannich base concentration. When the amount of inhibitor concentration was 0.2%, the inhibition rate reached 94.37%,and Mannich base can effectively inhibit corrosion of 20# steel in the HClH2SH2O system.
Intermetal diffusion phenomenon will happen when metal matrix Pdcomposite membranes are under high temperature for a long time, which will influence the service life of the Pdcomposite membrane. By electroless plating, the palladium membrane on the surface of the porous metal supporter with different materials was prepared. And the Pdcomposite membranewas then heat treatment under high temperature in inert gas. Backscattered Electron Microscopy (BSE) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) crosssectional line scans were used to analysis the elements distribution of various Pdcomposite membranes, and the diffusion level of the metal matrix Pdcomposite membrane was studied by comparing it with the ceramic composite membrane. The results showed that there was no diffusion phenomenon happening to Pd/titanium (Ti) composite membranes and Pd/titaniumaluminum (TiAl) alloy composite membranes in the temperature range of 500 to 700 ℃, while serious intermetal diffusion phenomenon happened when Pd/porousstainlesssteel (PSS) composite membrane was under high temperature heat treatment (700 ℃) for 40
Locating the combustion front timely is helpful to production control. The prediction methods of combustion front used in field were researched, then a set of application method specific to reservoirs with different feature was obtained. Infrared photography was suitable for shallow layer reservoirs, and direct testing method using thermometric component was suitable for reservoirs with intensive observation well and production well. Method combining production performance and material balance was suitable for homogeneous reservoirs with regular well pattern, and method combining tracer monitoring and production performance was suitable for heterogeneous reservoirs or reservoirs with irregular well pattern. The pressure drop test method was so complicated that it needed further study. At last the suggestions were proposed that on the basis of geological screening in advance, the aim of "less air injection and more oil production" should be achieved, besides, the management of production well should be strengthened by combining analysis of production performance, so that the combustion front could be moving forward evenly and steadily.
The low permeable oil fields have the characteristics of poor reservoir property and low capacity. Production decline and slow water cut rising can be controlled through fracturing measures combined with water plugging measures. Oil production change without fracturing is simulated using numerical simulation software. Considering the fracturing effect overlay, mathematical formula is deduced for computing the fracturing increased amount of oil. The formula can determine the fracture increased quantity of oil change rule and influence on the production decline. Fluid volume and oil changes under the condition of no water plugging are also simulated. So, the influence of water plugging measures for the moisture content of the oil produced can be calculated. The production decline can be slow down by fracturing, while the production decline in the period of validity is speed up. Water plugging for the validity of oil increase is less than the validity of precipitation. The scope of precipitation is bigger within the validity period of the oil increase.
Research on the technology of polymer injection allocation have been carried out in this paper by effective utilization of oily sewage, for the situation of the tensions of polymer flooding water usage, the protrusive disadvantages of polymer dilution and preparation in Daqing oilfield. Technical support to the effective utilization of oily sewage is provided by laboratory experiments, such as improving sewage quality through oxygen exposure by air compressor, analyzing affection of oxygen on polymer viscosity of the polymer flooding sewage and the multilevel processing sewage, and optimizing the amount of oxygen exposure. And all above experiments conducted with the polymer which is manufactured by sewage. The results show that the best amount of oxygen exposure for the multilevel processing sewage is 5.6 mg/L with viscosity loss rate of 4.69% and the best amount of oxygen exposure for the polymer flooding sewage is 7.2 mg/L with viscosity loss rate of 11.45%. Therefore, the viscosity stability of polymer solution diluted by oily sewage can be largely improved using this technology .
The separation oil and gas component and physical property are analyzed with gas chromatography. The component of initial oil in place in F block is obtained by using PVTsim. The changes of PVT parameters of oil in F block is studied and the effect of separation stages and choke size change on the fluid composition and physical properties is analysized. The results are listed as follows: the initial oil in F block has a characteristic of high content of light hydrocarbon, low density, high shrinkage and high gasoil ratio, and the change of pressure has a greater influence on PVT parameters. Compared with black oil, reservoir fluid has a strong sensitivity on separation stages. When multistage separation is applied, initial oil in place e has a characteristic of high shrinkage, small degassed amount and high oil production. When small choke is applied, the pressure before choke is high. So light component is more likely to be mined.
The influence of water temperature and water blending ratio on the energy consumption was calculated and analyzed based on the instance of cyclic watered oil gathering.The results can be concluded that gas consumption increased while power consumption decreased with rising of water temperature through calculation in water blending system. The operation cost of water blending system rised first and reduced later with rising of water temperature, and reached the lowest point when the water temperature was between 65~70 ℃.
Viscosity reducer and polymers system suitable for heavy oil of block Gudao2 of Shengli oilfield were selected so that recovery and microscopic mechanism of viscosity reducer and polymer flooding were compared. The results showed that the ultimate recovery rate of water flooding was only 41.1% and after water flooding there was large presence of residual oil and the film and lump. The recovery rate of XJ and OP10 viscosity reducer flooding after water flooding was increased by 18.67%, which mainly relied on transport of large oil particles after deformation and emulsification to reduce the flow resistance and boosting function of dispersed oil particles to oil film and stripping of the remaining oil by drawing. The recovery rate of APP5 polymer flooding after water flooding was increased by 18.55% by increasing the sweep area and the pull effect on the oil film and blindresidual oil, so polymer flooding compared with viscosity reducer flooding was more valuable.
Aiming at the problem that traditional surfactant flooding couldn't adjust to the fractured reservoir, polymer gel and surfactants combination flooding were proposed. The combination flooding could make use of the high resistance factor of polymer gel after gelation, driving the surfactants into the low permeability area and improving the whole oil recovery. A kind of polymer gel LHGEL with the advantage of slow crosslink and easy injection was developed. The effects of gelling properties of polymer gel and compatibility with surfactant were researched. The EOR capability was evaluated with the fractured core flooding experiments. The results showed that the gelling properties of polymer gel LHGEL were affected mostly by salinity and temperature, where the higher the temperature, the higher the salinity, the shorter gelling time, the greater the gelling strength. Surfactant LHPS and polymer gel LHGEL after gelation had great compatibility. The combination flooding can improve the oil recovery by 22.1% on the basis of water flooding at 50 ℃ with 10 000 mg/L of salinity, and the combination system had promising applications in fractured reservoirs.
The flow mechanism of the oilwater two phase flow is very complicated. Some specific phenomenon such as "emulsification" and "inversion" exists in it making it hard to measure the flow. Differential pressure method, which is a widely used flow measurement method, can be applied to the oilwater two phase flow theoretically. However, there are little correlation studies. Using the Venturi tube as the throttle device,the differential pressure of the oilwater two phase flow rate is measured. Based on the homogeneous flow model, the effects of the differential pressure of the Venturi tube combines respectively with the volume flow and the mixture density are verified, taking the oil and water flows without mixing as the reference value. The experimental results show that the accuracy of the oilwater mixture mass flow measurement is relatively high, and the accuracy of the combination of the Venturi tube with the mixture density can be accepted, while the combination with the volume flow cannot reach the measurement requirements.
The acrylamide/NbenzylNnhexadecylacrylamide/sodium acrylates terpolymerP(AM/BHAM/NaA) was synthesized using micellar polymerization and the synthetic scheme was optimized. The amphiphilic polymer has a critical aggregation concentration (CAC). Above CAC, P(AM/BHAM/NaA) forms network in aqueous solution. With the increase of polymer concentration, the hydrodynamic radius of it increases, and the apparent viscosity also increases. P (AM/BHAM/NaA) has good capability of crude oil emulsion. By studying the different concentrations of amphiphilic polymer on the properties of crude oil emulsion, it is found that with the increase of amphiphilic polymer concentration, the volume of network, formed by amphiphilic polymer in aqueous solution, increases and its emulsifying ability also is enhanced.
Based on the wall sticking law in the normal temperature gathering and transportation process of Xiqu oilfield, the pigging period formula is obtained. And the pigging period computational software interface is developed based on the formula. The effects of water cut and fluid temperature on pigging period are calculated and analyzed. It is found that the effect of fluid temperature is the leading factor, and the effect of ambient temperature on the pigging period is analyzed further. The studying results will have important guiding significance on the determination of pigging period and the implement of pigging work for the normal temperature gathering and transportation process of Xiqu oilfield.
In petrochemical industry, most of the centrifugal pumps work in nondesign conditions. A method of changing the impeller diameter and wrap angle was proposed in order to improve the efficiency of centrifugal pumps. Then impeller flow field was analyzed using Fluent. It was found that the distribution of impeller field speed and pressure was gradually increased and no mutations occurred from the suction port to the outlet.
Due to pipelines’ medium of transportation is flammable and explosive,or its other characteristics, once the pipeline exist failure, leakage occurs, the rapid diffusion transport medium, encountered the fire will be intense burning, or even an explosion, the consequences are disastrous. In order to prevent the pipeline accidents, adopt appropriate methods to assess the residual strength of the pipe with volumetric type flaw. The force of the pipe with volumetric type flaw based on mechanical behavior, finite element analysis software ABAQUS was applied to simulate defects in pipes, calculating the failure pressure body containing product defect analysis of pipeline, defect length, defect depth and defect width and failure pressure, the maximum allowable flaw size of pipe. According to the size of the pipe with volumetric type flaw to continue to use, buck, repair, replacement scheme selection, in order to ensure the safe transportation of oil and gas pipeline.
