Hydrophobic modification of 152 magnesium hydroxide sulfate hydrate (MHSH) whisker was studied using ethyl alcohol as the solvent and heptadecafluoroalkylsilane（ACFAS） as modifier. The morphology, crystalline state and composition of products before and after hydrophobic modification were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Xray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and contact angle measurements (CAM), respectively. The characterization results indicated that 152 MHSH was successfully coated by the modifierand the hydrophobic 152 MHSH whiskers were obtained. The ideal hydrophobic surface with water contact angle of 126° was achieved when the whisker was treated for 1 h. FTIR, XRD, SEM and EDS analysis showed that there were no change in the crystal form of whiskers, and ACFAS molecules were successfully coated on the surface of MHSH whiskers.
Ecofriendly rubber oil was prepared from the Middle East medium distillates mixture by onetime extraction with mixed solvents to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This paper presented the comparative study on the extraction effects of solvents A, B, C and the mixed solvents of the three solvents. And the effect of solvents mixed ratio, the ratio of solvents and oil, extracting temperature, and extracting time on extraction were investigated, too. The results indicated that mixed solvents had better selectivity and solubility. With the solvents mixed ratio of m(C)/m(A)=1∶1 and extractant to oil ratio of 2∶1, extracting at 45 ℃ for 10 min, the polycyclic aromatics content in raffinate oil could be reduced from 5.74% to 2.78%, meeting the EU instruction 2005/69/EC requirements, and the yield of product reached 88.1%. All in all, the final product had similar qualities compared to VIVATEC 500.
The CuHY zeolites adsorbents with different Cu loadings were prepared via impregnation method. The crystal structure of the adsorbent was characterized by XRD, and the surface acidity was measured by PyFTIR technique. The adsorption desulfurization performance was evaluated using fixed bed method with a WK2D micro coulometer analyzer. The results show that the adsorbents have the best adsorption desulfurization ability when the copper loading is 4%. The adsorption desulfurization performance becomes better with the decrease of the ratio of B acid amount and L acid amount. However, the adsorption desulfurization ability reduces severely, when copper loading is too large which results the surface copper oxide species, even though there is no B acidic sites existing on the surface of the adsorbent.
The macroporous alumina carrier as the host of catalysts were prepared by supersolubility stiu selfassembly method. The properties of carrier were characterized by BET, TEM, XRD and so on. In MoNiP solution, macroporous hostguest catalyst was prepared using the positive micelle as template. The effect of different amount and type of surfactant on the formation of micelles was examined. The most appropriate amount of template was optimized. The hostguest macroporous catalytic materials were characterization by BET and electron microprobe analysis method (EMPA). The results showed that the catalytic material had pore volume of 0.38 cm3/g, specific surface area of 61~ 90 m2/g, average pore size of 9.3 ~13 nm, most probable pore diameter of 12.5 nm and 45 nm. The pore size distribution in the range of 10 ~60 nm were highly concentrated which occupied about 53%~70%. The amount of active metal was between 18% and 27%, and it evenly dispersed in the catalyst by EMPA analysis.
Through anion exchange, heteropolyacid ionic liquids named IL2 were prepared, using a kind of ionic liquids named IL1 which was synthesised before, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, FTIR and TG confirmed the structure of IL2. The results of NMR determine the structure of C and H to the IL2,IR shows that the molecular compound kept keggin structure, and TG illustrates that IL2 possessed good thermal stability.Finally, it was applied in catalytic esterification reaction of acetic acid and ethanol. By changing the reaction time, temperature, molar ratio of acid and alcohol, anount of catalyst, The results show that the optimal conditions are as follows: under 70 ℃, 5 h, molar ratio of acid and alcohol is 1∶5, molar ratio of catalyst and acid is 1∶300, reaction efficiency can be up to 92.31%.
Calix［4］arene Sulfonic Acid Sodium was used as a non homogenous catalyst for synthesis of nButyl acetate using acetic acid and nbutyl alcohol as raw materials. The effects of reaction conditions, such as the quantity of catalyst, the ratio of the reactants and reaction time were discussed respectively. The product was characterized by index of refraction. The suitable conditions for the reaction were as follows: acetic acid 0.1 mol, molar ratio of nbutyl alcohol to acetic acid 1.2, catalyst amout 1 g, reaction time 4 h, the yield of nbutyl acetate can reach 81.41%. The catalyst could be used repeatedly keeping its initial activity.
Cationic emulsions with asphalt concentration 0.60 and 0.70 in mass were prepared respectively. Shear viscosity of the emulsions was obtained at different temperature and shear rate by using a rotating viscometer. Relation between apparent viscosity and temperature data was fitted by functional relation, and the apparent activation energy was calculated based on the apparent viscosity measuring at different temperature. The results showed that the emulsions presented a pseudo-plasticity behavior. The relationship between apparent viscosity and temperature could be described by a power law relation. Apparent activation energy of the two emulsions was 22.607 4 kJ/mol and 31.363 7 kJ/mol, respectively.
The total chlorine content in crude oil was determined by the Microcoulometry. The optimal conditions for microcoulometry detection wereat 950 ℃ with O2 flow rate of 300 mL/min. The measurement results were reliable and the relative errors range was from 0.71% to 2.47% by this method and standard method. The total chlorine content and organic chlorine content in crude oil were detected by microcoulometry. Then the inorganic chlorine content was calculated. The microcoulometry method can avoid the determination content of inorganic chlorine content in crude oil. The microcoulometry had many advantages, such as fast measure speed, easy operation and small manmade error.
The isomerization of nhexane over Mo 2C /Mo O2 - Z r O2 catalyst was investigated. First, the precursor solid superacid Mo O3 - Z r O2 was prepared by coprecipitation process, using the mixture of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and polyethylene glycol 20000 as templates. It can be seen that the precursor samples had applicable surface area, pore diameter and volume from the BET and FTIR characterization of the Mo2C/MoO2ZrO2.The total acid of precursor Mo O3 - Z r O2had a large decline after carbonized. The conversion and selectivity of Mo2C/MZP0.005C0.5 are much more than single auxiliary catalystafter adding catalyst mixed assistant. The conversion rate and selectivity reached 67.5%, 75.2%, respectively.
HY/MCM41 mesomicroporous composite materials composed of a core of HY zeolite and a thin layer of MCM41 have been synthesized by the overgrown crystallization. The samples were characterized by means of Xray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorptiondesorption, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Pyridine in situ infrared (PyIR) and Intelligent Gravimetric Analyzer (IGA) instruments. It was found that the composite material exhibited both properties of mesoporous MCM41 and microporous HYzeolite sieves. Adsorptive desulfurization performances of Ce ion supported over the synthesized composites as a sulfur adsorbent were evaluated. It was found that when the adsorbent was prepared by a solidstate grinding method with sulfur capacity of 1.81 mg/g can be obtained. While for the liquid ion exchange method, only 1.32 mg/g sulfur capacity can be reached. Through the batch methods it is found that for the former modified adsorbents the desulfurization degree can be reached to 90.6% while the latter only 81.2%. It also can be found that the Brnsted (B) acid of the adsorbent inhibited the adsorption desulfurization whereas the Lewis (L) acid, especially weak L acid, had a positive effecton adsorption desulfurization.
The rheology of fracturing fluid is one of the important factors that influence the fracturing effect. The rheology, heat resistance and shear resistance of fracturing fluid (GRJ11)were studied which was consisted with guar gum and crosslinking agent(FYC160) in Shengli oilfield. Its microstructure was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results of experimental tests showed that, the fracturing fluid system had higher property of viscosifying ability, shear resistance and more perfect threedimensional crosslinked network structure. The viscosity of the fracturing fluid could keep about 90 mPa•s after shearing at 170 s-1 for 40 min．The guar gum fracturing fluid system was applied to the field successfully for 12 oil wells，and the average oil production was 5.53 t/d and the average water cut was 39.74% after dealing with 12 wells. The GRJ11 system could match the need of the well with the low reservoir permeability of Es4 of Bin 661 black．
Based on bore hole data, the volumetric method to calculate the resources of oil shale in the 1st member of Qingshankou formation and the 1st2nd member of Nenjiang formation in Songliao Basin were adopted. A reasonable area dividing scheme was established taking the 2nd member of Nenjiang formation as criterion when the area distribution of the three sets of oil shale was determined. Subblock dividing and subblock area calculation were proceeded on the three researching formations using geographic information system ArcGIS and the actual area of each subblock was 537 km2. 1st member of Qingshankou formation, 1st member of Nenjiang formation and 2nd member of Nenjiang formation were divided into 147 subblocks, 197 subblocks and 246 subblocks respectively. According to the theory of trend surface method, oil shale thickness tendency value equation was obtained using algorithm software MATLAB where the spatial distribution coordinates were considered as independent variable and the relative thickness tendency values as dependent variable. Further more, this paper did fitting analysis on oil shale thickness spatial distribution, and the fitting results were satisfied which ensured the accuracy of calculation. The oil shale resources of the three formations were obtained after the determination of the area and thickness of those subblocks. The results are 1 272 400 million tons, 887 310 million tons and 987 240 million tons for 1st member of Qingshankou formation, 1st member of Nenjiang formation and 2nd member of Nenjiang formation respectively.
The ZhuZhaizi oilfield reservoir has the characteristics of low pressure coefficient, poor physical property, low permeability, micropore and microthroat, large specific surface and high sand concentration. It is easily damaged by the solid phase matter, liquid phase matter, polymer adsorption and sensitive mineral content. On the base of analyses about ZhuZhaizi oilfield formation damage mechanism, this paper introduces a method of drilling fluid reservoir protection technology. That is filtrate invasion sensitive damage can be slightly inhibited caused by sensitive mineral content through adding some polymer inhibition and inorganic salts inhibition into drilling fluid. The temporary plugging agent is made by size optimized bridging particle and soften deformable ST3, and it can reduce the amount of drilling fluid intrusion and invasion depth by forming a dense cake. HFR which is compounded by two kinds of surfactants can efficiently reduce oilwater interfacial tension and significantly reduce the damage degree of water block. It also can help to flow back the filtrate invasion liquid phrase, enhance the oil saturation and relative permeability, and improve the formation permeability. So, two methods of drilling fluid reservoir formation technologies are finally given.
Considering the micro level simulation that microfluidic device could provide and the character of porous medium in reservoir, this experiment made the use of microfluidic device to simulate spontaneous imbibition process, which is the main oil displacing mechanism in fractured reservoir to get the relationship between the distance of displacing front and time, the velocity of displacing front and time, finally, it makes us to have a further understanding of spontaneous imbibition.
According to the structure of rod pumping system, combined with expert advice, establish the rod pumping system energy consumption evaluation technology index which was conclude system efficiency motor power utilization and so on, Synthesizes the energy consumption economic and social index, established a complete rod pumping system energy consumption evaluation index system, refer to the national industry standard, applied expert system method, construct the comments system and rule system, the rod pumping system energy consumption evaluation expert system was established. Analyzed a system in shengli oilfield, think the motor matching and management is main problem in this system, at same time, put forward related suggestions, the result conform the actual, it can provide the rod pumping system energy saving.
Adsorption and retention of the polymer in reservoir pore as well as the effects on oil displacement efficiency arestudied when polymer flooding is used in class III reservoir of Xing 13 block. In order to compare the displacement effect, sand adsorption experiments and core displacement experiments are carried out to study the adsorption condition of salt-resistant polymer (relative molecular mass 700×104) and two other polymer (relative molecular mass 1 800×104 and 2 500×104) in different horizon and concentration. The results show that in Class III reservoir, the adsorption quantity of the polymers with different relative molecular mass in the sand is different. The adsorption loss of the polymer with different concentration has different effect on the viscosity. On the condition of the same concentration, the chemical flooding recovery degree by the salt resistant polymer (relative molecular mass of 700×104) and the polymer (relative molecular mass of 2 500×104) can reach 11%～14% based on the water flooding. While the recovery degree by the polymer (relative molecular mass of 1 800×104) can only be 10%～12%.
The relationships between the W/O emulsion viscous multiples and the compositions of heavy oil (the content of polar fractions, the content of heteroatom, the content of metallic elements), the properties of heavy oil (the molecular weight of polar fractions, the mean dipole moment of polar fractions) were studied by means of gray entropy correlation method．It was shown thatthe content of asphaltene, colloid, O and Ni were all important factors affecting the W/O emulsion viscous multiples in the compositions of heavy oil. The properties of asphaltene played a decisive role in the W/O emulsion viscous multiples among the properties of heavy oil.
For the industrial field test of ASP flooding containing NaOH in secondclass reservoir which located in the east fault of Daqing north No.1 Zone, the variation trend of CO2 content in the center oil well associated gas and the chemical interaction law of ternary system was analyzed. Interfacial tension, viscosity and oil displacement efficiency of the composite ternary system which consisted of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate were studied. Ternary system of composite alkali（F21 for short）which was composed of HPAM concentration of 2 000 mg/L, HABS mass fraction of 0.3%, sodium hydrate mass fraction of 0.8% and sodium carbonate mass fraction of 0.3% had a better comprehensive performance. Its equilibrium interfacial tension at 2 h was as low as 6.5×10-3 mN/m. Its viscosity increased by 28.5% compared with strong alkali system and rised as intensity of composite alkali decreased. Recovery ratio of ternary system of composite alkali（F21 for short）improved by 24.4% compared with water flooding which was similar with strong alkali system chemical flooding. Recovery ratio of heterogeneous model chemical flooding decreased by 2.4% compared with homogeneous model.
Top tensioned risers are widely used in deepwater platforms, and are easily to be damaged for complex marine environmental loads, so dynamic responses of which should be researched carefully. A model was established using ABAQUS
[JP2]to describe top tensioned risers of tension leg platforms located in China south sea, and water depth of the model was set as [JP]
1 500 m. Marine engineering model AQUA was applied to add wave and current effects on riser, and to output stress time curves at different positions along the riser. Results of calculation demonstrate that because of strong wave and current effect, the location with the largest fatigue damage rate of the riser is 4 m below sea level.
The topology optimization and size optimization were adopted for snubbing unit design. First of all, by using topology optimization which based on variable density, the most optimal material distribution path in the design space was obtained, which aimed for the minimum compliance and constrained by volume fraction. As a result, snubbing unit can be redesigned by the topology optimization result. Meanwhile, new finite element model was established on the topology optimization of snubbing unit, and with the tool of size optimization, snubbing unit got weight loss, which aimed for minimum mass and constrained by maximum displacement and maximum stress. Taking use of these two optimization methods, the performance of snubbing unit is improved and the mass of snubbing unit is reduced, which provide a new design method for engineering construction.
