A series of biodegradable aliphatic/aromatic copolyesterspoly(butylene terephthalatecobutylene itaconate)(PBTI) were synthesized by melt polycondensation using dimethyl terephthalate (DMT),1,4butanediol(BD) and dimethyl itaconate(DI) as raw materials. The effects of polymerization time, temperature, as well as aliphatic/aromatic mole ratio on physical and thermal properties of the copolyesters were investigated. The structure of the copolyesters was studied by 1HNMR and FTIR. DSC, TGA and GPC analysis clearly indicated that the molecular weight, glasstransition temperature and melting point were influenced by the ratio between DMT and DI in the final copolyesters. In addition, the effect of mole ratio between DMT and DI on the degradability of the copolyesters was studied. Results showed that the degradability of the copolyesters was gradually improved with the increase of the aliphatic units in the chain.
Nano TiO2 photocatalysts were prepared by coprecipitation method with ethanol as solvent and tetrabutyl titanate for precursor. Based on the results from XRD and UV Raman spectroscopy, it can be concluded that the bulk and surface crystal phase and phase composition can be controlled by changing the calcinable temperature. The Rhodamine B was used as the reactant to study influence of the surface phase on photocatalytic activity of TiO2. It was found that the photocatalytic activity for decomposition of Rhodamine B was directly related to its surface phase. Furthermore, the photocatalytic activity can be enhanced when the surface phase was in the mixture of anatase and rutile.
Solutionpolymerized styrenebutadiene rubber (SSBR) was mainly used in tire, such as tread, carcass and sidewall, because of its excellent abrasion resistance and low temperature performance. But compatibility between SSBR with SiO2 is poor due to its nonpolar . In order to improve compatibility between SSBR with SiO2, series of modified SSBR were prepared by grafting with maleic anhydride (MAH) as graft monomer. The properties of composites composed by SSBR and SiO2 were studied and influence of grafting yield of SSBRgMAH was also investigated. The results showed that the contact angle of SSBRgMAH was decreased, the Mooney viscosity was increased after grafted with MAH and the mechanical properties of rubber was improved when curing time was extended. Dynamic mechanical testing showed that wet skid resistance of vulcanizates was improved and rolling resistance reduced, which will be an ideal material for tire tread.
Cycle stock and inferior catalytic cracking diesel oil with volume ratio 2∶1 were used as crude oil, which was refined by a new type of nano selfassembly catalyst. Orthogonal test was designed to investigate the influence of temperature, space velocity and pressure on HDS,HDN and HDAr. The most significant influence factor on HDS，HDN and HDAr was obtained. Through the representation of BET, it is concluded that multilayer dispersion of nanoparticles on the surface of the catalyst FA1204 was uniformwith average pore diameter 7.7 nm, pore volume 0.26 cm3/g, and specific surface area 132.7 m2/g2 respectively. The results proved that the anti coking performance of FA1204 was better than industrial catalyst F2. The liveness and resistance ability of carbonization of catalyst FA1204 in harsh conditions were compared with industrial catalyst F2 and nano selfassembly catalyst FA2012. The results showed that HDS,HDN,HDAr of the catalyst FA1204 was superior to industial catalyst, the percent conversion of HDS,HDN and HDAr of FA1204 were 66%,34% and 74% respectively, and the percent conversion of HDS,HDN and HDAr of F2 were 40%,24% and 25%,respectively. Therefore, the resistance of coking properties of catalyst FA1204 was superior to catalyst F2. In addition, catalyst FA1204 has a processing capacity of HDAr.
Al3+/cation exchange resin catalyst was prepared by ion exchange complex, with commercial 732 cation exchange resin as carrier and aluminium trichloride as ion exchangers. The process conditions of the preparation of Al3+/cation exchange resin catalyst were investigated. The experimental results showed that the quality of supported on Al3+ can be up to 2.29% when the decompression drying time of 732 cation exchange resin was 12 h, the solvent was carbon tetrachloride, exchange temperature was 72 ℃, the mass ratio of aluminium trichloride and 732 cation exchange resin was 1∶1, exchange time was 10 h and postprocessing was in turn with the distilled water and ethanol (95%). Al3+/cation exchange resin catalyst was used to catalyze the polymerization of ethylene cracking fraction（C 9 ）.Al3+/cation exchange resin had good catalytic effect in the mixed olefin system when the reaction occurred at 50 ℃ for 6 h with catalyst dosage 2%( according to the quality of Al3+ content meter). Structure of polymer was verified by infrared spectroscopy.
CeY zeolites were prepared by liquid phase ion exchange (LPIE) and solid state ion exchange (SSIE). The adsorbents were characterized by means of XRD,N2 physisorption,ICP and the total surface acidity of the adsorbents was monitored by NH3TPD and in situ FTIR spectroscopy using pyridine as a probe. Properties of selective adsorptive desulfurization of HDS gasolines on the adsorbents have been investigated in this paper by using a fixedbed adsorber and a GCSCD technique. The adsorption capacity was found to follow the order of SCeY＞LCeY＞NaY＞HY. After LPIE and SSIE, and CeY zeolites had different surface acidity from NaY and HY, which greatly affected the adsorption desulfurization process. Additionally, Brnsted (B) acid sites was thought toresult in catalytic reaction of thiophene.
Solvent refining on the second vacuum dewaxed distillate refined from the mixed oil of Daqing and Weizhou using furfural was investigated. Calibration on theoretical plate number in the extraction column, multistage static extraction and pilot plant experiment were carried out in turns. The results show that theoretical plate number in the column is two. Viscosity index of refined oil is 100 under both simulatetwostage extractions when the value of volume ratio of solvent to oil (S/O) was 5.47∶1 and simulatefourstage extractions when the S/O was 3.2∶1, and the yield of refined oil is 64.07% and 66.01% respectively. Besides, viscosity index of the refined oil is 101 in the pilot plant with four theoretical plates when the S/O was 327∶1, and the yield of refined oil is 70.5%. The lubricating base oil meets the quality specification of HVI150SN.
The mixed petroleum resin emulsion prepared from theC5 and C9 petroleum resin were modified with maleic anhydride. The effects of the mixing ratio between theC5 and C9 petroleum resin，amount of maleic rosin and maleic anhydride, modification time and the alkali liquor on properties of the emulsion were discussed. The results showed that the optimum process conditions were: C5 petroleum resin/C9 petroleum resin mixing ratio of 1∶3, maleic anhydride mass fraction of 1.5%, maleic rosin mass fraction of 9%, NaOH mass fraction of 2%, petroleum resin modification temperature of 200 ℃, petroleum resin modification time of 3 h, and modified petroleum resin emulsion/wax emulsion mixing ratio of 1∶2.
A process of pressureswing distillation for separation of acetonitrileand water was simulated by using Aspen Plus. The UNIQUAC equation was used for calculating vaporliquid equilibrium data of acetonitrilewater mixture. The relationship between the feed stage and reflux ration for the separation of acetonitrilewater was studied by sensitive analysis. The requirement for acetonitrile reached to 99.7%, when the high column at the pressure was 350 kPa, the number of stages was 30, the feed stage was 10 and the mole reflux ration was 1.5.
The influence of salinity on the shape, size and plugging property of crosslinked polyacrylamide microspheres were studied by nuclearpore film filtration experiment and sandpacked model, rheology and dynamic light scattering. The results show that the microspheres with different salinity all plug effectively. The experiments of sandpacked model showed that the salinity has little effect on the plugging properties, and not affects the plugging depth in the model at all. The viscosity of microspheres dispersed system increased with the increasing of shear rate, which displayed the minimal dilatants liquid property, and the salt concentration had little influence on the rheology of crosslinked microspheres. When the salinity increased, the microspheres had more stereo sense and smaller size, but these are only small changes.
In order to resolve the problems of high injection pressure in the low permeability reservoirs, the CMC, interfacial tension, wettability and depressurization effect of a depressure and augmented injection agent WHS has been studied in laboratory. The results indicated that the effect of reduce oilwater interfacial tension was best when the concentration of WHS solution was around 50 mg/L. WHS solution can be used to reduce the oilwater interfacial tension and change wettability of rocks. Reduce pressure experimental results showed that WHS solution has obvious effect on reducing the pressureand increasing the note and the injection pressure could be reduced by 20%, showing a good prospect.
Unlike the conventional perforation, advantage zone of reservoir can be implemented hydraulic jetting, finally microboreholes are formed between borehole and reservoir by high pressure jetting, and it can reach 100 meters far. On the basis of directional function of microboreholes, we’ll proceed to carry on the hydraulic fracturing technology, and then deep penetration artificial fractures are formed in the target formations, eventually to achieve the purpose of efficient reservoir reconstruction. The technology mechanism and procedure were introduced, the key parameters were optimized, and the rational treatments of volcanic formation were proposed according to the reservoir characteristic of Liaohe oilfield. The “directional deep penetration fracturing technology by hydraulic jetting” was applied successfully in the well of Liaohe eastern sag, and obtained high production. This technology was the first application in domestic oilfield, and brought a new method to develop volcanic formation including other difficulttoproduce reservoirs.
The appropriate HLB of emulsifier was screened and evaluated, and emulsion with strong stability was selected. Static test results showed that emulsion had good resistance and salt resistance. With the increasing salinity, stable performance of the emulsion decreased slightly. The flow resistance can be improved 140 times when the liquid viscosity was high, illustrating that the emulsion system had the good displacement effect in high temperature and salinity conditions. Displacement experiments show that the matching of emulsion drops with pore throat decides transport of emulsion liquid in porous media capabilities.
The effective degradation of bioenzymatic can make the polymer changed from longchain to shortchain and the viscosity will be decreased, and the mud cake can be well cleared up. For this purpose, the viscosity exhaustion method was used, the bioenzymatic corresponding to different polymer were preferred, and four recipes of biodegradable drilling fluid were settled. The properties of drilling fluid have been obtained through the filter cake removal experiments and the permeability recovery experiments. The results show that the different kinds of polymers correspond to different optimal biological enzymes, X1, X6, X3 and X6 are the optimal enzyme corresponds to CMC, PACLV, HEC and guar gum drilling fluid respectively; Four recipes of enzyme biodegradable drilling fluid preferred are of higher practical value, which could clean up the mud cake after drilling process, and the degree of injury of the reservoirs is smaller.
The development of glutenite reservoir is controlled by lithology and lithofacies, so, to carry out the identification of lithology and lithofacies of glutenite has the vital significance. In order to indentify the lithofacies with logs, firstly lithofacies types and marks was investigated, according to the core observation, the glutenite of Mabei is taken as fan delta deposits and has five types of subfacies. Different subfacies has significantly different lithology and structure characteristics which can be used as marks of lithofacies identification. Secondly, the crossplot is established by using the conventional data to identify lithology and identification model for identification of structure and texture was built with the FMI data. Finally, glutenite facies of Mabei area were effectively identified by using this method, which will provide a calibration for the seismic prediction glutenite reservoir.
Reservoir of Ci 9 Block is a reservoir of secondary porosity and high permeability with edge water, the disadvantages of vertical well development appear more and more. Feasibility demonstrations of horizontal well development come to a conclusion that advantage is obvious of horizontal well development in this block. On the basis of remaining oil distribution regularity, development programs of horizontal well has been done by using the method of numerical simulation. The key targe layers, direction and length of horizontal section were identified and predicted the results. It turned out that horizontal well development is far better than vertical well development from the cumulative oil production and water cut rising. These provide a new direction for further development Ci 9 Block.
Reservoir pressure will drop greatly with the increment of steam injection cycle. Meanwhile production effect of huff and puff will become worse. Feasibility of steam flooding for shallow extraheavy oil reservoir was researched through the analysis of reservoir temperature,pressure and oil saturation after several steam injection cycles. Production performance of steam flooding was predicted based on parameter optimization. Meanwhile economic evaluation was discussed. The results show that steam flooding for extraheavy oil reservoir is technically and economically feasible.
Using the VOF model of computational fluid dynamics to simulate oilwater twophase flow in horizontal sudden expansion pipe and contractible pipe, the crude oil in the twophase flow is medium viscous oil and the moisture content is high, ranging from 50% to 80%. The results show that: the different water content flow in oilwater twophase flow in the sudden expansion pipe and sudden contraction pipe belong to oilinwater stream, the pressure fluctuation in diameter mutation changes obviously, but the pressure change trend is affected little when the moisture content changes from 50% to 80%. Flow in the mutant diameter pipes with different water content of oilwater twophase flow pattern obtained can provide certain reference when involving mixed oilwater twophase flow transportation problems in crude oil pipeline.
The thermochemical settlement characteristics of Sudan Palouge FPF water cut crude oil joined different types of demulsifier through the indoor experiment was studied. The results show that: for the crude oil emulsion with different water content on different emulsification condition, the best emulsion breaking temperature for the demulsifier TS101 is 80 ℃, the optimum concentration is 170~180 mg/L, most of the oil samples tend to be stable after settled for 13 hours, 19 hours later all of the oil samples met the target that the water content is less than 5% after dehydration.
The temperature drop in submarine oil pipeline during shutdown was simulated using Fluent software．The results show that the temperature drop is very quickly after the pipeline shutdown 0~20 h, mainly because the nature convection in the pipeline of the crude oil is relatively strong; the temperature drop becomes slowly after shutdown for 20 hours, which is less than 5 ℃, that’s because the temperature of the crude oil is close to the critical temperature, the viscosity of the crude oil increases and the wax crystal separates out, which reduces the intensity of natural convection. The initial temperature in oil pipeline and sea temperature have great effect on the temperature drop.
