Experiment Research of CO₂ Foam Alternating CO₂Displacement EOR Technology in Heterogeneous Reservoir
LI Zhao-min,ZHANG Chao,LI Song-yan,et al
2011, 24 (6): 1-5. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.001
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 414KB ) ( ) 　　
For CO₂ flooding in heterogeneous reservoir, gas channeling of CO₂ is easy and premature to happen along the high permeable layers, which leads to low recovery efficiency of CO₂ flooding and low-permeability reservoir is difficultly produced, optimal selection of different CO₂ injection modes was developed in laboratory test. The influence of slug size, foam-gas ratio and surfactant-gas ratio on the optimal injection mode was also studied. The results show that foam-gas alternative flooding is an effective practice to tackle serious interlayer contradiction and prevent early gas break-though, leading to a high oil recovery. The best parameters for FAG are as following: slug size (0.4 PV), foam-gas ratio (1∶1), surfactant-gas ratio (1∶1).
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Acid Oxygenated Compounds in Residue and Slurry-Bed Hydrocracking Cracked Residue
WEN Ping, LI Chuan, LI Shu-feng, DENG Wen-an
2011, 24 (6): 6-8. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.002
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 131KB ) ( ) 　　
Karamay atmospheric residue（KLAR）was hydrocracked in pilot experimental device of state key laboratory of heavy oil processing, with the presence of an oil-soluble catalyst. Reaction time was set to 1 h and reaction catalyst concentration at 800 μg/g, reaction temperature were 410,430 and 450 ℃. Then KLAR and its slurry-bed hydrocracking cracked residue were separated into four fractions. The acid number in each fraction was determined. The distribution of the acid oxygenated compounds in each material was obtained. The results show that the acid oxygenated compounds in KLAR are mainly distributed in resin, which in slurry-bed hydrocracking cracked residue of KLAR are mainly distributed in resin and asphaltene. 
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A New Technology of Preparing Nano-Cerium Oxide Powder
GUO Li-feng, LI Li-,ZHANG Jin-sheng
2011, 24 (6): 9-13. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.003
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 596KB ) ( ) 　　
Nano-cerium oxide powder was synthesized by the means of combustion process using cerium nitrate as raw materials and citric acid as fuel. The effects of different ratios of reactants, calcination temperature and calcination time on preparing the nano-cerium oxide powder had been investigated. The products were characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, TG-DTA, XRD and TEM. The results show that the reaction condition is better when the molar ratio of the cerium nitrate and citric acid was 1.7∶1.0, the calcination temperature was 300 ℃, and the calcination time was 2 hours. At the same time, the crystalline size of CeO2 is approximate 6 nm.
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Synthesis and Adsorption Desulfurization Properties of Mesoporous Carbon Platelets
FENG Xin-ling,SHI Quan,GU Kai,CUI Xiu-guo
2011, 24 (6): 14-18. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.004
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 411KB ) ( ) 　　
Mesoporous carbon platelets (MCP) were successfully synthesized by the carbonization of sulfuric-acid-treated the mesoporous silica platelets (MSP) which were prepared by using poly(ethylene oxides)-b-poly(propylene oxides)-b-poly(ethylene oxides) (PEO-PPO-PEO) triblock copolymer EO27-PO61-EO27 (P104) as a template and sucrose as the co-template and tetraethylorthosilicate as the silica source in hydrochloric acid medium by sol-gel method. The synthesized samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen adsorption-desorption. The results show that the morphology of carbon materials is platelet. The BET surface and pore volume are 949 m2/g and 0.63 cm3/g respectively. The BJH mean pore diameter is 4.1 nm. The adsorbent CuCl/MCP was prepared with the thermal diffusion method. The adsorption desulfurization performance of the adsorbents for thiophene in benzene and isooctane was investigated via static adsorption experiments. The efficiency of desulfurization are 64.0% and 94.8% respectively. The results show that the desulfurization effect of CuCl/MCP adsorbent is more noticeable than CuCl/MSP.
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The Performance Comparison Test Between Luhua Isoprene Rubber and the Import One
CUI Guang -jun,WU Shi-kui
2011, 24 (6): 19-23. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.005
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 304KB ) ( ) 　　
The performance comparison test among Luhua isoprene rubber, Russia 5PM, Russia 3S, Japan IR2200 and other isoprene rubber were carried on. The results show that the cis-1,4 content（higher than 96%）, the average molecular and its distribution（Mw/Mn is around 2）, glass transition temperature, trace elements, ash, volatile and other physical property data of domestic isoprene rubber are similar to the imported one. What is more, its blending and curing performance are consistent with the imported isoprene rubber. The domestic isoprene rubber can replace the import one used for the rubber products, especially for the health and medical products.
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Experimental Research Into Rheological Property of Ultra Heavy Oil in ShengLi Oil Field
ZHU Yan,WANG Jie-xiang,WANG Jian-hai,et al
2011, 24 (6): 24-26. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.006
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 288KB ) ( ) 　　
Through measuring the basic physical properties and model Dv-111+programmable rheometer, the experimental research on rheological properties was done, which analysed the influence of water content ratio, temperature and shear rate. The results show that the rate of water content is a major factor that influences rheological characteristies of water-bearing super-heavy oil. With the change of water content ratio, the apparent viscosity of super heavy oil exhibits a more complex pattern. Oil water ratio greater than 30%, the non Newtonian character is not obvious when the rate of water content was over 30%. Whats more, the temperature and shear rate have an influence on the rheological property when the rate of water content was high. Different conditions have different flow pattern transition point. 
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Study and Application of Multivariate Blockage Removal Technique in Area of Baiyushan
JIANG Wen-xue,LI Yong-ming,QI Ya-min,et al
2011, 24 (6): 27-30. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.007
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 194KB ) ( ) 　　
The yield of the oilfield of Changqing reservoir in area of Baiyushan is decreasing progressively after perennial exploitation. The main reason is that some organic and inorganic precipitation caused by the low temperature of the oilfield in the area blocked up the pore and throat of the reservoir. After the analysis of the crude oil and blockage in the laboratory, it is found that the ingredient of the blockage is complex. The multivariate blockage removal system to aim directly at the different characteristics of the blockage were developed. The result show that after reaction for 4 h the rate of the corrosion of scale sample caused by the multivariate blockage removal system is increased by 14% over that caused by the mud acid system, and the damage of the core is -17.1% in area of Baiyushan. It is found that the multivariate blockage removal technique could obviously target the blockage of the oilfield and enhance the yield of single well in area of Baiyushan after trial in the oilfield.
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The Gelling Behavoir of Phenol Resin Gel Under the Shearing of Oscillator
Lv Peng, WANG Ye-fei, YU Hai-yang,et al
2011, 24 (6): 31-35. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.008
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 498KB ) ( ) 　　
In order to study the gelling behavior of the phenolic resin gel under dynamic conditions, the IKA oscillator was employed to determine the relationship between shearing time and the viscosity of phenolic resin gel, the difference between the gelation time under static condition and that under shearing condition, and the critical gelling velocity and the restorability of the viscosity after shearing. The results show that the gelation time of phenolic resin gel is delayed and the strength of the gel is reduced along with the increase of shearing velocity. Compared with the gelation time under static condition, the initial gelation time is advanced under low shearing velocity(10.47~15.71 s-1), and the initial gelation time is delayed under high shearing velocity(18.32~23.55 s-1). The gelation time is delayed and the gel strength is reduced with the increase of polymer concentration and cross linker concentration. The initial gelation time under oscillatory shearing is 2~4 hours shorter, and the initial viscosity is 0.04~1.00 lower than that under static conditions, the final gelation time is 2~6 hours longer and the final viscosity is 0.65~0.95 times lower than that under static conditions. There exists critical gelling velocity, when the shearing velocity is higher than the critical value, the phenolic resin gel is not able to form ,and vice versa. The viscosity is able to restore after the shearing action is removed, and the restorability is declined with the extenion of shearing time, and the reduction of polymer concentration and crosslinker concentration.
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A New Method to Calculate Proved Reserves of Steam Huff and Puff in Heavy Oil Reservoir
HUANG Xiang-guang
2011, 24 (6): 36-38. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.009
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 185KB ) ( ) 　　
The thesis summarized the law of producing heavy oil in Liaohe oilfield on the basis of production data, and proposed a new method to calculate proved reserves of steam huff and puff in heavy oil reservoir. Taking Jin 607 in Huanxiling oilfield as an example, the calculation results with [KG*4]SEC [KG*4]reserves [KG*4]evaluation [KG*4]method [KG*4]results [KG*4]are [KG*4]close, [KG*4]the [KG*4]relative [KG*4]error is 4.35%, which is up to the standard the petroleum industry standard. The thesis confirmed the suitability and feasibility of the method, which can provide reference to other fields.
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Application of Thermal Fractionation Technology in the Evaluation of BOPP Special Materials
CUI Wen-feng, WANG Hai-yan, ZHANG Yuan-yue
2011, 24 (6): 39-41. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.010
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 269KB ) ( ) 　　
The molecular chain structure of BOPP special materials was characterized by successive self-nucleation and annealing (SSA) thermal analysis using DSC, and co-relation between crystallization behavior and molecular structure was established. The research results show that the value of Ipeak1/Ipeak2 in BOPP resin produced by Lanzhou petrochemical company ranges from 0.2 to 0.4, and the parameters of the distribution ranges from 1.052 to 1.071. This method have the advantages of time-saving and cost-saving, and which can be used in real-time monitoring of molecular structure.
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Synthesis of Xanthan Gum/AMPS/Bentonite Composite Water Plugging Agent for Oil Field
LI Hui,LI Yu-jian
2011, 24 (6): 42-45. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.011
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 283KB ) ( ) 　　
Xanthan gum(XG)/2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid(AMPS)/bentonite composite water plugging agent for oil field was synthesized by aqueous solution polymerization. Effect of the amount of AMPS, bentonite, crosslinking agent and initiator on waterabsorption capacity of water shutoff agent were investigated. Waterabsorbency and water retaining rate of the water shutoff agent at different temperature were tested. NaCl concentration on waterabsorption capacity of water shutoff agent were researched. The results show that the optimum process conditions were obtained as follows: w(bentonite) is 15％, w(AMPS) is 3％, w(crosslinking agent) is 2％, w(initiator) is 2.5%, and reaction temperature is 40 ℃ for 4 hours. Under the optimum technological conditions, with the environmental temperature of 20 ℃, waterabsorbency for deionized water and 0.9％ NaCl solution of the water plugging agent for oil field are respectively 1 677 g/g,165 g/g. With the environmental temperature of 80 ℃, waterabsorbency for deionized water of the water plugging agent for oil field are respectively 1 590 g/g,within 12 h can hold water over 20%, which possessed a good thermal stability and salt tolerance.
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Efficient "One-Pot" Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydro-4(1H)-Quinazolinones
SONG Zhi-guo,WANG Yang,SUN Xiao-hu
2011, 24 (6): 46-49. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.012
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 234KB ) ( ) 　　
2,3-Dihydro-4(1H)-quinazolinones derivatives were synthesized efficiently by a three components one-pot reaction of isatoic anhydride, aromatic aldehydes, ammonium salts or primary amines in the presence of aluminum chloride in alcohol-water solution. The structures of products were characterized by IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, MS techniques and elemental analysis. Compared to the reported methods, this protocol have advantages of short reaction time, high yield, simple experimental and work-up procedures, and environmentally benign procedure. 
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Synthesis of a Surfactant of Benzimidazole Quaternary Ammonium Salt and Its Properties
LIU Gang, GUO Xiang-feng,HU Dong-hui,et al
2011, 24 (6): 50-53. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.013
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 271KB ) ( ) 　　
The cationic surfactant 1,3-dibenzyl-2-undecyl benzimidazole quaternary ammonium salt(UBS) was prepared by the reaction of benzyl chloride with 2-undecyl benzimidazole(UB), which was synthesized with o-phenylenediamine and lauric acid. The structures of UB and UBS were characterized by IR and 1H-NMR. The surface activities of UBS in aqueous solution were studied at different temperature. At 35 ℃, the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of UBS is 0.51 mmol/L and the surface tension at CMC (γCMC) is 39.6 mN/m. As the temperature decreases, the CMC of UBS lessens slightly and the γCMC increases. The foam properties of UBS aqueous solution were determined and compared with LAS and OP-10, the foaming power of UBS is the highest and its steady of foam is the lowest among of them. 
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The Study of H₃PO₄ and HZSM-5 by the Density Functional Theory
JIANG Hai-ying, Lv Zhen-bo, LIU Dan, et al
2011, 24 (6): 54-58. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.014
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 735KB ) ( ) 　　
The interaction of orthophosphoric acid and zeolite HZSM-5 was investigated. It is found that chemisorption of orthophosphoric acid and cationic species including H₅P₂O⁺₇ and H₄PO⁺₄ are possible structures of P/HZSM-5 before calcination or steaming, adsorption energy with -49.31， -45.96 kJ/mol are negative, it shows that adsorption is an exothermic process, the reason is the hydrogen bonding is the major form of interaction in between. After calcination or steaming, dehydration reaction occurs, two different models are proposed, thats to say, P species are combined with the framework of zeolite by one or two bridged oxygen atoms. It is show that the energy barrier, for the reaction: a oxygen bridge to two oxygen bridges, is 125.73 kJ/mol for forward reaction; while 47.59 kJ/mol for reversed one, so the model with only one bridged oxygen atoms is the energetically stable one, which is regarded as the major model after dehydration, the lower energy barrier makes two oxygen bridges easy into an oxygen bridge structure.
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Selective Hydrogenation of Furfural to Furfuryl Alcohol Catalyzed by Au/SBA-15
MENG Xiang-wei,WANG Hong,LIU Dan,et al
2011, 24 (6): 59-62. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.015
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 351KB ) ( ) 　　
Highly dispersed nanosized Au supported on SBA-15 by post-synthesis method was prepared and characterized by XRD techniques, and its catalytic performance on selective hydrogenation of furfural to furfuryl alcohol was evaluated. The effect of reaction temperature, reaction pressure and reaction time on its catalytic performance was investigated, and find the optimum conditions are as follows: mass fraction of Au 1%, reaction temperature 220 ℃,reaction time 4 h, reaction pressure 5 MPa, mass fraction of catalyst 2%. The conversion of furfural and the selectivity to furfuryl alcohol are 92.1% and 97.8%, respectively. The catalyst can be recycled, and there is no obvious decrease on catalytic performance after 6 cycles.
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Catalytic Oxidation of Soot in Exhaust of Diesel Engine Using K₂Ti₂O₅
MENG Xiu-hong,GAO Yuan,LIU Li-li,et al
2011, 24 (6): 63-66. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.016
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 384KB ) ( ) 　　
K₂Ti₂O₅, which have a high crystallinity, were well prepared by sol-gel method.K₂Ti₂O₅ were characterized by XRD, SEM, and BET surface area and found to have relatively high soot oxidation performance.Certain amount of NO_x has positive influence on the performance of K₂Ti₂O₅, implying that K₂Ti₂O₅may be a kind catalyst for simultaneous removal of NO_x and soot. K₂Ti₂O₅ may be an excellent candidate for soot oxidation due to its high oxidation activity, water-stability, and economical advantages.
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Effect of Several Additives on the Thermal Stability of Sulfolane
BI Heng-mao,CHEN Wen-yi,LI Yu-qing,WANG Hai-yan
2011, 24 (6): 67-70. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.017
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 193KB ) ( ) 　　
Physical and chemical properties and poor quality of sulfolane was analysed, and the effect of several additives on the thermal stability of sulfolane was studied. An optimized experiment condition, water-vapour absorption, nitrogen protection, 220 ℃ and 6 h were set. Four amine alcohols were used as additives. The thermal stability of sulfolane was evaluated indirectly by the generation amount of BaSO4, and finally by the content of released SO2. The less content of released SO2 indicated the better effect of additives on restraining sulfolane thermal decomposition. The different quantity of addition of every additive are investigated, certain effect of all four additives can be observed, in which, quantity of addition of HW-D-01 at 0.04% lead to a best effect on thermal stability of sulfolane.
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The Synthesis of Dodecatungstophosphate and Its Catalytic Application in Esterification
ZHANG Yan-jia, LV Zhen-bo,LIU Dan,et al
2011, 24 (6): 71-74. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.018
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 343KB ) ( ) 　　
Synthesis of tungstophosphate with organic cation from acidic ionic liquids and 12-tungstophosphoric acid was reported. And its catalytic application in the synthesis of ethyl acetate had also been investigated. The effect of reaction time, reaction temperature, catalyst amount and the molar ratio of acetic acid to ethanol were studied, and found that higher conversion of acetic acid (94％) and good selectivity to ethyl acetate (100％) can be obtained under the following conditions: 60 ℃, 4 h, n(catalyst)/n(acetic acid)/n(ethano1)=1∶30∶150. The catalyst was immiscible in the reaction system after reaction, providing a simple separation by decantation. The catalyst can be recycled for 4 times directly after vacuum drying without obvious loss in catalytic activity.
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Benzoylation Reaction of Anisole Using Iodine as Catalyst
LIANG Hong,WU Yan-hua,WU Shuang,CHEN Ping
2011, 24 (6): 75-78. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.019
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 213KB ) ( ) 　　
4-Methoxybenzophenone was synthesized from Fridel-crafts acylation of anisole and benzoyl chloride using iodine as catalyst. The effects of reactant ratio，amount of catalyst used，reaction temperature and time were investigated. The suitable reaction conditions were optimized as： anisole was 0.1 mol，anisole / benzoyl chloride mole ratio was 1.0∶1.5, catalyst usage was 1.5 g, reaction temperature was 140 ℃, reaction time was 4 h. The highest yield of 61.68 % is obtained.
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Investigation of Phase Inversion in Oil-Water Dispersed Flow Through Horizontal Pipe Loop
Lv Yu-ling, HE Li-min, WANG An-peng,
2011, 24 (6): 79-83. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.020
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 500KB ) ( ) 　　
Oil-water dispersed flow is one of the liquid-liquid two-phase main flow patterns encountered in pipeline operations, in which phase inversion will occur. The flow characteristics of the dispersion and pressure drop change abruptly and significantly at or near the phase inversion point, which will exert dramatically adverse influence on pipeline operations. In this paper three oil samples of different viscosities were used as test fluids. Data analysis showed that pressure gradient of three kinds of oil samples behaved differently in the phase inversion process, mainly reflected in the “climbing stage” and “leaping stage”, at the phase inversion point under two different experiments (starting from water dominated mixtures gradually to oil dominated mixtures or reverse) and the O/W or W/O dispersions forming process. However, when far away from phase inversion point, pressure gradient exhibited slight difference. The effect of mixture flow rate on the ambivalent range depends on the viscosity of oil. At the same mixture flow rate, the ambivalent range decreased with viscosity increasing. Droplets changed their shapes after phase inversion and double dispersed system appeared in the water to oil dominated mixtures experiment.
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Effect of Hydrogen on Electrochemical Behaviors of X80 Steel in Simulated Soil Solution
CHEN Xu,HE Chuan,XU Yang,WU Ming
2011, 24 (6): 84-89. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.021
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 848KB ) ( ) 　　
X80 pipeline steel specimens were treated by electrochemical hydrogen charging under various current densities and charging time. The polarization resistance and corrosion rate of X80 steel were analyzed in Yingtan simulated soil solution under the different hydrogen charging conditions. The results show that with the hydrogen charging current density increased from 1 mA/cm² to 20 mA/cm², the free-corrosion potential of X80 moved negatively, charge transfer resistance Rt dropped from 1 176 Ω·cm² to 909 Ω ·cm², double electric layer capacitors increased from 0.000 16 μF/cm² to 0.001 7μF/cm² and corrosion current density increased from 3.322 mA/cm² to 6.880 mA/cm². When filling hydrogen time increased from 1 h to 5 h, Rt changed from 1 522 Ω ·cm² down to 749 Ω ·cm², double electric layer capacitors increased from 0.000 14 μF/cm² to 0.007 5 μF/cm2 and corrosion current density increased from 2.91 mA/cm² to 5.01 mA/cm². This suggests that electrochemical hydrogen charging result in anodic dissolution rate of the weak spots and concentration of metal ions increased. Hydrogen speeded up anodic dissolution of X80 steel and leaded to higher corrosion sensitivity at the steel surface.
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The New Dual Emitter Transistor Self-Excited Oscillator
MU Ke, LI Feng-yin,ZHOU Da-dong
2011, 24 (6): 90-92. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.022
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 246KB ) ( ) 　　
A circuit with two-terminal negative resistance was designed with two transistors with the same polarity. Without additional components or any LC self-excited, by its internal feedback, the circuit can produce reliable, stable periodic pulse oscillation waveform. Accordingly, a compound semiconductor pulse oscillating tube was integrated. Unlike the existing various oscillators, without any additional LC components, the pulse oscillating tube itself can produce pulse oscillation, with higher output amplitude and frequency, while the working voltage of power supply is not high, and the circuit is simple, with novelty and practicability. The pulse oscillating tube can be used in many pulse digital circuits. It has wide application prospect in simplifying circuit, reducing volume, reducing weight, increasing the degree of integration and the pulse velocity, and the compatibility with TTL circuits, etc.
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Deformation Identifying of the Horizontal-Type Elliptic Cylindrical Oil  Tank and Tank Capacity Calibration Model
 
WANG Wen-fa,MA Yan,TIAN Yun-na,et al
2011, 24 (6): 93-96. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.06.023
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 331KB ) ( ) 　　
In order to solve the error problems of tank capacity measurement caused by oil tank deformation, the after tank oil of horizontal-type elliptic cylindrical oil were recalibrated. The corresponding calibration model are established and tank capacity calibration formula are also built when oil tank in horizontal and inclined position. Meanwhile, model solution steps are given.The model are tested through the examples, the test results have confirmed the correctness and the feasibility of the model.
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