The sodium lignosulphonate-co-polycarboxylic acid water reducer was prepared by graft copolymerization of polycarboxylic acid monomer with raw material of sodium lignosulphonate in aqueous solutions. The processe was optimized, and the optimal conditions included 16% of sodium lignosulphonate dosage, 0.9∶1.0 of the molar ratio of PEG-1000 and MA, 2.8∶1.0 of molar ratio of AA and MA, 3 h of polymerization time, 4 h of esterification time. Under the above optimum conditions, the obtained product is 241 mm of the fluidity of cement paste when the dosage was 0.2% and the water cement ratio was 0.29. FT-IR spectra illustrated that functional groups including polyoxyethylene group, ester group, carboxylic group, acylamino etc have been grafted to sodium lignosulphonate successfully.
The paper analyses thermodynamiccalculation that the formation of acrylic acid from CO2 and C2H4. This literature compares and evaluates couples of data ground on the choice of data and try to find more accurate and precise data. The calculation result of liquid phases reactions show that: reactions occur spontaneously in certain temperature range; the calculation result of gas phase reactions shows that: reactions can’t occur spontaneously. Gibbs free energy gradually reduces following the reaction temperature increase and the balance conversion rate of reaction gradually increase. But even if under very high temperature, Gibbs free energy is still positive and the reaction cannot occur spontaneously. This is only few corresponding experimental data. Because of the lack of experimental data, at present no literature can validate doubtless the result of thermodynamic calculation. But some researchers found that adding CH3I or CH3OH to reaction substrates makes the gas phase coupling reaction occur spontaneously.
Metal-organic Frameworks MIL-53(Al) has been hydrothermally synthesized and investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and N2 adsorption-desorption experiment. Adsorption isotherms of C8 aromatic isomers, including para-xylene, ortho-xylene, meta-xylene, and ethylbenzene, in metal-organic framework Mil-53(Al) has been systematically investigated by using intelligent gravimetric analyzer (IGA) at 303 K and 373 K. The results indicate that adsorption isotherms at 303 K present type-I isotherms. The deviation from normal Langmuir model of the isotherms at 373 K can be, however, found because of the breathing effect of Mil-53(Al) framework. The results also indicate that o-xylene in this material has very good adsorption capacity, while effect of ethylbenzene adsorption is the worst. Two-component mixture separation factor can be obtained through the fixed bed breakthrough experiments and gas chromatography analysis. It has good separation performance of o-xylene and ethylbenzene, and selectivity achieved to 9.2.
The hydrophobic catalysts Me/PMHS (Me includes Co, Mn, Cu and Fe) were prepared with polymethylhydrosiloxane (PMHS) in the reverse micro emulsion system．These materials exhibited excellent catalytic activity for selective oxidation of ethylbenzene to acetophenone. Under 1.0 MPa O2 at 393 K for 10 h over Co/PMHS catalyst, the con version of ethylbenzene reached 52.0% with the selectivity of acetophenone 84.8%．These catalysts were well characterized with IR, MS and contact angle measurement. It is concluded that the hydrophobic surface of cobalt oxide play a key role in facilitating ethylbenezne adsorption and acetophenone desorption．
The preparation conditions of P-doped nano-TiO2potocatalyst were investigated by the sol-gel method. The effect of preparation conditions on optical activity and photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants were studied by UV and visible light. The research conditions including roasting temperature, roasting time, molar ratio of glacial acetic acid to tetrabutyl titanate, P and Ti molar ratio, amount of adding water and ethanol. Target pollutant was methylene blue dye, which exhibits difficult biochemical degradable characters. The photocatalytic activity of potocatalyst was analyzed by degradation rate. The results show that the appropriate amount of P doping can effectively promote the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles with the photocatalyst sol-gel method. The best catalyst preparation condition was that mole fraction of P-doped 6%, calcined at 600 ℃ for 120 min, glacial acetic acid with butyl titanate four molar ratio of 3∶1, water volume 80 mL, ethanol consumption 60 mL. The degradation rate of methylene blue in the visible light is 88.0% under these preparation conditions.
Adsorption and diffusion behavior of alkane，alkene and aromatics in HZSM-5 zeolites, with pentane, 1-pentene and benzene as the model of compounds, had been investigated by using the frequency response (FR) method. The FR spectra show that pentane has the strongest FR signal, while for 1-pentene and benzene, the signals were hardly detected. Combined with the results of adsorption isotherms and the TPD，it can be concluded that the interactions between the HZSM-5 and the sorbate molecules used are quite different，the interaction between pentane and the zeolite is Van der Waals force, which belongs to physisorption, while for 1-pentene and benzene, the interactions can be attributed to the strong chemiadsorption with HZSM-5 through complexation, resulting the weak FR signals.
Atmosphic residue of Karamay petrochemical complex was hydrocracked in the presence of 1 000 μg/g multrimetal dispersed cagalyst in slurry-bed under the reaction time of 1 h, reaction temperature of 440 ℃, the cracked residue was put back and mixed with the fresh feed for recycling. The ratios of cracked residue for recycling were 0, 15.0%, 20.0%, 25.0%. The reaction products was separate into IBP~180 ℃(Gasoline), 180~360 ℃(AGO), 360～500 ℃(VGO) and >500 ℃(Cracked residue). The basic nitrogen in each fraction was determined by non-aqueous potentiometric titration. The nitrogen was determined by boat-inlet using REN-1000A device. The basic nitrogen and total nitrogen in the product are mainly concentrated into VGO and cracked residue. Both basic nitrogen content and total nitrogen content increased with the increase of the ratio of cracked residue to feedstock. Only about 10% of the basic nitrogen and total nitrogen were in gasoline and AGO. The ratio of fraction basic nitrogen content to fraction total nitrogen content in VGO and cracked residue was about 30%, which was about 50%～70% in Gasoline and AGO.
The desulfurization of model gasoline containing 500 μg/g sulfur by selective adsorption over the metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) of Ag2(4,4'-bipy)2-(O3SCH2CH2SO3), Ag(4,4'-bipy)NO3 and Ag(4,4'-bipy)ClO4 were studied in a static adsorbent at ambient temperature and pressure by using model fuels. The results show that adsorption rate of Ag2(4,4'-bipy)2-(O3SCH2CH2SO3)，Ag(4,4'-bipy)NO3 and Ag(4,4'-bipy)ClO4 reached 70%, and the adsorptive selectivity of Ag2(4,4'-bipy)2-(O3SCH2CH2SO3) and Ag(4,4'-bipy)ClO4 to thiophene wouldn't decrease significantly as the concentration of 1-octene increases. Moreover, for the silver-based MOF materials, there is a slight change on their framework after regeneration, however it won't lead to obvious change on the adsorption performance. Meanwhile deep desulfurization of real gasoline were also carried out, and find that sulphur content can decreased from the initial 70 μg/g to 8 μg/g over Ag2(4,4'-bipy)2-(O3SCH2CH2SO3), and no obvious decrease in desulfurization capability can be observed after recycling 5 times.
The thermal stability of bromobutyl rubber were studied by capillary rheometer which was similar to extruser in industrial production. Firstly,regular bromobutyl rubber were polymerized by solution method.The results show that in constant temperature（at 150 ℃ or 180 ℃）conditions,the bromine content and microstructure occurred in a significant change with the increase of residence time.Mainly reflected that bromine content decreased, and the weight percent of structure Ⅲ and structureⅠincreased while structureⅡdecreased. Moreover, it can be aggravated at higher temperature.
There is a resonance energy barrier in two particle resonances was proposed, the electromagnetic field of a particle radiation is absorbed by another particle or not. The frequency of radiation and particles which can absorb radiation must accord with the resonance conditions, it's the same frequency or integer multiples. Resonance power barrier is provided with the tunneling effect, the particles which can not penetrate it form the particle resonant state, the particles which can penetrate don't have the resonant interaction.When the intersection of the resonance radiation φ1∩φ2→1, it's the strong interaction of the particles, when the intersection of the resonance radiation φ1∩φ2→0, the two particles produce the lowest resonance effect. The gravity is the interaction force between the weak resonance of the two particles When the intersection of two resonance radiation φ1∩φ2→0, there is no the resonant frequency in the two particles. A collection of fermion particles which is no resonance radiation is still produced the nature of the fermions, the two collection of fermion is emitted the radiation which is no resonance frequency, which is still met the energy conservation principle in space, must be accorded with the principle of resonance introvert, they produce a lowest resonance state-gravitation. The light in the weak resonance field of gravitation maintain linearity movement.
On the base of reservoir properties, and combined with chemical analysis, this paper revealed that formation permeability reduction was due to changes in injection water quality and the pollution of formation caused by bacteria. It was necessary to take acidification, sterilization on the reservoir to increase the injection water volume. The system of acidification fluid mainly included pretreating solution system, preflush, oxidation sterilization liquid, body acid, rear acid, in the setting of acidizing fluid system, the evaluation of acidizing fluid performance was carried out by laboratory experiments. The experiment included four aspects of acidizing fluid: corrosivity, bactericidal properties, preventing the secondary damage and penetrability. The experimental results show that the acidizing fluid system can meet the requirement of Wen 87 block acid stimulation. The field application was carried out, based on laboratory experiments. Injection pressure of W87-8 well was 36 MPa and injection volume was 33 m3 before the construction. And after the construction, injection pressure was 21 MPa and injection volume was 70 m3. The dosage of each component in acidification fluid as follow: pretreatment liquid was 4 m3, pad fluid was 8m3, oxidation and disinfection liquid was 5 m3, subject acid was 15 m3, after-pad acid was 4 m3, displacement fluid was 12 m3. The results of practice indicated that the acid has a very good stimulation effect.
This article conducts small oil separation devices study to separate parameter of oil sand in the help of self-developed water-based complexation reagent. The reagent concentration, heating temperature, heating time, the mass ratio of reagent and oil sand, and other factors on the separation of the impact of oil sands were studied. The result show that the yield of the product can be better under the optimum conditions as follows: the activator concentration of 4%, the mass ratio of reagent and oil sand of 1∶2, heating temperature of 85 ℃, heating separating time of 30 min. Under the condition, the oil and sand can be completely separated, and the extraction-rate is 94%. Activator can be recycled, and silt after processing achieves the backfill standard. The craft to solve the other processing methods produced oil, sand separation is not complete, silt, water pollution, environmental problems and so on a series of questions, so it has a popular value.
Taking low permeability minor faulted block reservoir in fengtan block of Zhejiang oilfield as an example, through the research on flooding pattern form under fracturing situation by numerical reservoir simulation, compared to flood development effect of different well pattern which were triangular pattern, rectangular inverted five-spots pattern, quadrate inverted nine spot pattern, diamond inverted nine spot pattern and so on, the finding indicates the development effect of rectangular inverted five-spots pattern under fracturing situation is best. And it researches rational injector producer distance of inverted five-spots pattern on minor faulted block reservoir under different permeability and reservoir thickness. The research achievement has a guiding role in initial development design and development regulate of low permeability faulted block reservoir.
Through SEM observation, EDS analyses, the effect of dual thermal cycle on microstructure of 2.25Cr1Mo steel was analyzed. The results show that dual thermal cycle results in the formation of bainite. However, grain boundary of coarse prior austenite resulted from first thermal cycle does not become finer and still appears to maintain the original forms of it even though subjected second thermal cycle. EDS analyses indicate that micro zone composition are uniformly distributed which means that austernitizing homogenization is completed more sufficiently after subjected second thermal cycle. Micro zone Cr content of granular structure increases compared with matrix. It is assumed that carbides mainly composed of Fe, Cr element are formed among granular structure.
The numerical simulation calculation method and fluent software unifies, simulated the temperature distribution of the heat pipe steam generator, two sections were taken from the results for studing. Secondly, the pressure inlet conditions are calculated and intercept of the same two-section to compare. Finally, different velocity inlet conditions were calculated in these two sections on the temperature distribution. Through the above calculations can be seen that the steam generator heat transfer temperature distribution.
The failure mechanism of an austenitic stainless steel boiler tube under high temperature and hydrogen environment was investigated by optical and scanning electron microscope. Mechanical properties of the boiler tube were also studied by tensile, impact and hardness tests. The results show that high-temperature creep-fatigue cracking is the major reason for the failure of this component. From the morphology of view, the cracks initiate in a mixed mode and propagated in a typical intergranular way. High temperature stainless steel tubes in the boiler are subjected to high thermal stress during frequent starting and shutting down, causing fatigue and creep interaction in the material, and eventually leading to the final failure.
The 3-TPT parallel mechanism was studied. Through the establishment of positive solutions and negative solutions of the kinematics equations, the Jacobian matrix and its inverse matrix of the mechanism will be calculated. And on this basis, the singularity of the machine, the dexterity and the stationarity were simulated and analyzed by using the MATLAB software and the LabVIEW software.The results show that the singularity of 3-TPT parallel mechanism doesnt exist and also have better dexterity and stationarity.These provide a theoretical basis for the optimal design and control system design of parallel mechanism, and offer a design basis to determining body size and shape and position of work.
Passes temperature balance system of ethylene cracking furnace is a multivariable, nonlinear, strong coupling complicated process. Under the circumstances of multi-passes, the complexity and uncertainty of system could be increased by using difference control method. In view of the above problems, an improved difference control scheme was proposed, which processes all the passes as a whole. This scheme avoided employing the difference control technique reiteratively. The controller structure is simple and easy to be implemented. Simulation experiment shows that the improved difference control method is reasonable and has good tracking performance.
