The CeO2 sample was modified by the wet chemical method. The surface modification of nanometer cerium oxide power and the effect factors were studied; the optimum modifying agent and condition were found. Through orthogonal experiment, the optimum reaction conditions were obtained with: the amount of the stearic acid was 6%, pH was 8, the modified temperature was 70 ℃, modified time was 1.5 h. Using as modifying agent in the optimum condition, the lipophiiic degree of modified nanometer CeO2 is 73.0%. Experimental results that nanometer cerium oxide powders are well dispersed after modification, the average particle size is little change before and after and agglomeration is significantly reduced.
The molecular electronegativity distance vector(MD) of chlorinated aromatic molecules were calculated based on the molecular topological theory. The optimal two-parameter(M25, M21) QSAR model of aerobic biodegradability(Km, dm-3•(μmol•h)-1)for 12 above compounds was set up by leaps-and-bounds regression(LBR). The traditional correlation coefficient (R2) and the cross-validation correlation coefficient (R2cv) of leave-one-out (LOO) are 0.950 and 0.902, respectively. The result demonstrates that the model is better reliable and has good predictive ability from the point of view of statistics. Form the two parameters(M25, M21) of the model, it can be seen that the molecular structure characteristics of two-dimensional (such as the structural fragment —OH, —C—, —Cl)are the decisive factors to affect the aerobic biodegradability.
In the process of producing cold-rolled sheet, the properties of rolling oil,such as lubrication,and emulsion stability are essential factors. This study selected pentaerythrite oleate and mineral from LiaoHe as the base oil. Then adding in diffrernt kinds of nonionic complex emulsifying agent, EP-antiwear additive, antirusting agent, foam suppressor and preservative to the water of 90%~95%, and emulsifying. This experiment used our current industry standard for the reasearch on emulsion stability. The results show that the stability of cold rolling emulsion of the esters and ethers nonionic emulsifier to the base oil is better than a single species of esters or ethers compound system; Final products meet requirements of the emulsion industry standard: After 24 h, 5% emulsion oil separating soap volume is 1.0 mL, 2% emulsion oil the bubbles are completely eliminated in 5 min.
Pure monoclinic ZrO2, tetragonal ZrO2 and the mixed phases of monoclinic and tetragonal ZrO2, were prepared by hydrothermal method using Zr(NO3)4 as precursor. The influences of the precursor concentration, crystallization temperature, and crystallization time on the particle size and crystalline phase of ZrO2nanoparticles were studied by XRD, Raman spectroscopy and TEM. It is found that all the above synthesis conditions have influences on the particle size of ZrO2. Among those above experimental conditions, the particle size of ZrO2 is more related to the crystallization temperature while the crystallization temperature has little influence on the morphology of ZrO2. Furthermore, it is show that the monoclinic ZrO2 is easily formed for the longer crystallization time, and the crystallization degree of ZrO2 is increased when longer crystallization time is used. This paper provides a strategy to synthesize the monoclinic ZrO2 using low precursor concentration, high crystallization temperature and the long crystallization time.
With zinc nitrate as the oxidant and ascorbic acid as reducing agent and a new burners, combustion rapidly synthesized milky and rod zinc oxide. The burning agent dose, calcined or not, calcination temperature, adding cosolvent or not were inspected. The experiment show ratio of ascorbic acid and zinc [KG*4]nitrate [KG*4]is [KG*4]3∶1, ratio [KG*4]of [KG*4]ascorbic [KG*4]acid [KG*4]and [KG*4]cosolvent is 1∶ 0.5. Product of combustion wasnt calcined and washed, which is high purity and good crystallinity. The samples more fluffy and shorter by adding cosolvent. The sample was characterized by FTIR, XRD, UV-Vis, SEM. Zinc oxide has strong absorption in UV-Vis and IR wave band，particles size is micron, morphology is short rod.
The impregnation, precipitation and co-precipitation methods were adopted to prepare the composite supports with titanium, and pore structure and surface acid properties of the synthesized samples were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, TEM, and Py-IR. The results show that the different prepared methods have an effect on the structure of composite supports with titanium. γ-Al2O3 in samples prepared by co-precipitation method showed the uniform spherical particles, but not the fiber structure. The BET surface area and porous volume and the amount of acidity of the composite supports prepared by co-precipitation are the lowest. Moreover, the surface of composite supports with titanium contained only L acid sites.
The butyl rubber was synthesized by the solution polymerization method, with H2O/EADC as initiator system, hexane and chloride methane as solvent, at -90 ℃. The effects of the initiator concentration, ratio and the third component (DMF) on butyl rubber properties were examined. The results show that optimum condition is initiator concentration 0.085%,polymerization 40 min,n(EADC)/n(H2O)/n(DMF) is 8.28∶1∶0.75, butyl rubber of which molecular weight is 29.54×104 g/mol,MWD is 1.58.
Heat coefficient was studied between FCC catalyst and FCC naphtha in a heat-exchange system of gas-solid revamped by a fixed fluid bed reactor. The effect of naphtha flow rate, wind rate and catalyst bed temperature were investigated. It is revealed that the heat coefficient gets smaller as the naphtha flow rate increase, and larger as the wind flow rate and bed temperature move up.
Bentonite was modified by two novel bis-quaternary ammonium salts: hexamethyl propyl diammonium methylsulfate (PDAS) and hexamethyl butyl diammonium methylsulfate (BDAS). The microstructures of the organobentonites were characterized in terms of Infrared spectral (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermogravimetry (DTG) and electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The results show that basal spacings of organobentonites modified by PDAS and BDAS are 1.380 nm and 1.413 nm respectively, both of bis-quaternary ammonium salts are arranged in monolayers only among the interlayers of bentonite. Compared with one-step decomposition of BDAS, PDAS was decomposed by two steps within the bentonite galleries, and their onset decomposition temperatures and temperatures corresponds to the maximum mass loss rate (tpeak) is higher than their solid bis-quaternary ammonium salts by 15, 30 ℃ and 30, 80 ℃. Particle sizes and aggregation of organobentonites modified by PDAS are quietly different from those modified by BDAS.
The ability of compound systerm driving residual oil after water flooding, with its relative mechnisms, was analyzed by conducting ASP flooding and alkali-free SP flooding in micro-model experiment. The result shows that, compared with water, high viscoelasticity and low IFT make both ASP and SP compound systerm reduce the amount of residual oil with various type significantly, such as the blind end one, the cluster one and the columnar one by draging the oil droplets into oil thread, peeling oil film, emulsifying oil, etc; fixing water flooding recovery about 50%, the ultra recovery of ASP and SP systerm could reach 81.2% and 85.1% respectively, both higher than water about 30 percent; with the same viscosity, the improved-recovery by alkali-free systerm is higher than the ASP systerm, so non-alkali compound flooding is with great application prospect.
Inverse emulsion polymerization is developing rapidly in recent years. The polymerization method has the following advantages, such as high polymerization rate, a highly decentralized and uniform size of polymerization particles. The water-oil inverse emulsion was prepared with the compounds of Span80 and Tween60 as emulsifier. It was investigated by way of electric conductivity that the types and stability of the inverse emulsion was affected by many kinds of factors such as emulsification time, rotate speed, HLB value and emulsifier concentration, ratio of oil to water, and the optimum conditions for forming stable water-oil inverse emulsion were attained as the emulsification time about 35 [KG*4]minutes, the [KG*4]rotate [KG*4]speed [KG*4]on 14 000 r/min, HLB value of mixed emulsifier at 5.0, the mass ratio of oil to water in 1∶1, and the content of the mixed emulsifier at 4%. Based on the experimental results, some aspects of the stability mechanism were explained.
The cationic polymer PEA was synthesized by ring-opening reaction and quaterisation with epichlorohydrin and β-hydroxy alkyl propyl ether amine as the main materials. Study on the effect of rate of charge, reaction time and reaction temperature on cationic degree and epoxy value. Capability of adsorption on the sand and anti-swelling resistance were studied. The results show that the best polymerization conditions as follows, reaction temperature is 60 ℃, reaction time is 6 h, the rate of charge of epichlorohydrin toβ-hydroxy alkyl propyletheramine is 2.5∶1. Under these conditions, the cationic degree of PEA is 3.962 mmol/g, epoxy value is 0.12. The best adsorption concentration of PEA on the sand surface is 2 000 mg/L, the best liquid-solid mass ratio is 15∶1, the best adsorption time is 18 h. The PEA has good ability to prevent clay swelling, anti-swelling rate was 87%.
Based on the corrosion theory of the process of injection, The injected water corrosion of Qin Huangdao 32-6 oil field was evaluated. It considered several important factors affecting the corrosion of the injection process, such as salinity, dissolved oxygen content, hydrogen sulfide content and bacterial action, and adopted the methods of the indoor corrosion experiments evaluation and using simulation software to predict. Experimental research show that the average corrosion rate of the injected water is 0.037 7 mm/a, so the corrosion index of the injection system is up to standard in low level. According to the actual running data of the produced water, using software to predict the corrosion of three cases, such as FPSO platform pipeline, sea tube transport and injection wells, whose results were consistent with that under the indoor experimental condition.
The thiourea was added in the electroless plating solution to analyze the influence of thiourea on the Ni-P coating deposition rate, surface morphology and porosity, etc.. The corrosion resistance was evaluated through polarization curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results show that when 1 mg/L thiourea in the electroless plating solution was added, the deposition rate of coating accelerates and the corrosion rate increases. This is mainly reason after thiourea was added in the electroless plating solution, the porosity of coating increases, which promote the corrosive medium to seep deeply into the surface of the substrate resulting in increasing the number of corrosion micro cells and forming a corrosion cell of the large cathode(coating)-the small anode (substrate). The corrosion current density increases and the charge transfer resistance reduces. While thiourea was added more than 3 mg/L, the electroless plating solution is poisoned and unable to plating.
The corrosion behave of 20 steel in the five typical soil (Dongzhou, Wanghua, Lishi, Lutian kuang and Gaoer mountain) of Fushun by indoor buried corrosion test and electrochemical test were studied. The research shows that annual corrosion rate of 20 steel different in five typical soil, from high to low is: Lishi， Lutian kuang， Wanghua， Dongzhou， Gaoer mountain, the most serious corrosion of the 20 steel in Lishi area soil, the annual corrosion rate is 0.105 9 mm/a, about 10 times as Gaoer mountain area. The electrochemical research shows the serious corrosion of 20 steel in Lishi and Lutian kuang soil,because the immerse hours of native rust film on the surface of 20 steel is slow, the rust film is loose, not compact, discontinuous and instability, and does not have protective function. On the contrary, a continuous, compact and stable rust film can be formed on the surface of 20 steel in Dongzhou, Wanghua and Gaoer mountain soil which is slightly corroded and has protective function.
To the batch transportation of cool and hot crude oil, the total cost of transporting oil consists of fuel cost of fire furnace and power consumption cost of oil pump. It is very important to make the total consumption minimal under the premise of accomplishing safely transporting task. Taking the minimal of total energy consumption as the objective function, a batch transportation model of cool and hot crude oil pipeline was set up. The batch transportation in the model was divided into four time stages that unsteady stage of the cold oil head heated, quasi-steady-state stage of the cold oil unheated, unsteady stage of the cold oil end heated and quasi-steady-state phase of the hot oil heated. Two-layer nesting method was used to solve the quasi-steady-state stage; both two-layer nesting method and meeting the pitted in-station temperature of oil head (oil end) were used to select the optimization scheme. Combined the engineering practice, the optimization example of the batch transportation of cool and hot crude oil was given, and the research results can provide a decision-making basic for optimizing transmission of the batch transportation of cool and hot crude oil.
According to the clogging problem of emitter, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical model for the labyrinth channels of drip irrigation emitters was established by used the method of combining AutoCAD with ANSYS. Computational fluid dynamics method was applied to calculate the relationship between the discharge and the pressure of the square labyrinth path irrigation emitter in ordinary use and the distributions of the pressure and velocity inside the emitter. The calculated results are that the pressure change in the emitter is linear with the length of the flow path and there are the flow stagnant areas at different degree between the two ends of the path tooth point. By compared and analyzed, the labyrinth path structure was redesigned in accordance with the streamline shape distribution of the main liquid in the path, and the simulation of the path was employed. So the structure of channel was optimized and the anti-clogging ability of the labyrinth irrigation emitter was improved. The computational simulation method could provide theoretical basis for the further study on the hydraulic performance of he irrigation emitter and the rapid development of the integral irrigation emitter.
Based on the data of the asphalt aging simulated in lab, through the data collection of the asphalt aging in the field, the BP neural network system was established by MATLAB to train the data of the asphalt 25 ℃ penetration in the different using time asphalt pavement from different regions in China, and predicted the 25 ℃ penetration of the different using time asphalt pavement aging in the field in cold zone. The theoretical method for the relationships between asphalt aging simulated in lab and aging in field has been put forward.
In order to adapt to the productivity substitution of the new and old blocks, and seasonal and time period variation of natural gas demand, gas field needs to deploy and adjust scheduling scheme continuously. With total gas field output，giving priority to development principle, or quality control of raw gas in natural gas treatment plant for control targets of optimal decision of short-term scheduling scheme, based on the regional distribution of production capacity in each block, process flow and equipment configuration of gathering pipeline network system, the treatment capability of treatment plant and external environment conditions, achieve the optimal arrangement and coordination of the operation parameters of pipeline networks and block production, making carrying capacity of gathering pipeline network in conformity with the gas field allocation production, raising the utilization rate of production equipments in gas field efficiency and reducing production costs to reach the best economic effects.
