Bio-Contact Oxidation Process for Treating Polyacrylamides in Wastewater
ZHANG Zhong-zhi, LU Xiao-yan, GUAN Ren-jun,WANG Han, MA Dao-xiang, ZHANG Qing-jun
2007, 20 (4): 1-4.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1035KB ) ( ) 　　
 
Bio-contact oxidation process was applied to treat partly hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HPAM) in simulation wastewater. Under the condition of HRT 38 h, DO 3～4 mg/L, testing inflow 0.38 L/h, the influence of temperature, inflow concentration of HPAM and carbon resource in wastewater on the remove of COD and degradation of HPAM were investigated. The results show that it is technical feasibility to treat polyacrylamides in simulation wastewater with the process. The average COD removal efficiency reached 60.1% and 56.5%,respectivily, at 37 ℃ and 45 ℃, meanwhile the average degradation rate of HPAM reached
63.2% and 57.0%. When inflow HPAM were 100 mg/L and 120 mg/L in wastewater, the average COD removal efficiency are 56.8% and 51.5%, the average degradation rate reached 59.7% and 55.5% during steady period. The testing results could meet the national second emission standards of wastewater.
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Synthesis of High Temperature Aciding Gelatinizer YJN-1 and Affecting Factors of Synthetic System
JIA Jiang-hong, ZHAO Xiu-tai, CHENG Yuan-fang, QIU Guang-min, DONG Zhi-guo
2007, 20 (4): 5-9.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1039KB ) ( ) 　　
In order to meet the requirements of high temperature acidizing, a new acid gelatinizer was synthesized by chosing non ionic monomer AM, complex cationic monomer H-DMDAAC, anionic monomer AMPS as starting materials and redox system as initiator in aqueous solution at low temperature. Various factors influencing polymerization reaction were analyzed, the optimum conditions of polymerization were determined, the basic performance of gelling acid was evaluated and its action mechanism was studied. The results show that it has good property to increase viscosity, resistance to high temperature and acid-rock reaction retardation, the viscosity of acidizing fluid of 20% mass fraction can reach 37.5 mPa·s at 150 ℃ and shearing rate of 170 s^-1 when the mass fraction of YJN-1 is 1%. Mass fraction of gelling acid remains 11.9% after 60 min's reaction with limestone at 90 ℃, which is 7 times more than that of common acid, it can meet the need of acidizing in high temperature wells.
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The Comprehensive Utilization of C₉ Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Catalytic Synthesis of 2′,4′,6′-Trimethyl-2-Chloro-Acetophenone
 
QIAN Jian-hua，ZHANG Peng, XING Jin-juan,WANG Dao-lin, LIU Lin*
2007, 20 (4): 10-12.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1035KB ) ( ) 　　
2′,4′,6′-Trimethyl-2-chloro-acetophenone was catalytic synthesized from mesitylene which was obtained from by-product C₉ aromatic hydrocarbons, the refinery and chloroacetyl chloride with Friedel-Crafts acylation reaction by metal loaded catalyst. The influencing factors in the reaction were studied by the contrastive experimental results. The results show that metal loaded catalyst has a better catalytic activity for the acylation reaction of mesitylene and chloroacetyl chloride. The study on optimization of reaction conditions indicates that the yield of acylation reaction at 80 ℃ was over 91.2% after 4 h when the mole ratio of chloroacetyl chloride and mesetylene to loaded metal catalyst was 2∶1∶0.002 5. The compound was identified by refractive index and IR spectrum.
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Determination of Petroleum Acids in Vacuum Residue by CI-MS
L Zhen-bo, CHEN Qing-ling, LI Qian, WANG Xue-qin
2007, 20 (4): 13-15.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1034KB ) ( ) 　　
he petroleum carboxylic acid in vacuum residue distillates of crude oil was separated by the extraction with column chromatogram and anion exchange resin.Composition and structure of naphthenic acids were obtained by the use of IR techniques. Petroleum acids with iso-butane reagent gas was introduced to ion source that can be ionized by chemical ionization（CI）-mass spectrometer（MS）. These ions can be used to calculate the molecular mass for each acid as previously described. Based on mass spectrum of pure fatty and naphthenic acid and combined with z-series formula C_nH_2n+zO₂.The type of naphthenic acids can be classified into fatty, mono- ,bi- …hexa-cyclic according to their mass spectrum and data. The results indicate that naphthenic acid is the main composition of vacuum residue and the molecular weight distribution of petroleum acids in this distillate is about 198~540,and the carbon number distribution is about C₁₂~C₃₇.The contents of tri-cyclic and tetra-cyclic naphthenic acids are higher than others.
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H₂-TG for Tungsten Phosphide Catalyst Precursors
LI Cui -qing, SUN Gui-da, JIANG Jian
2007, 20 (4): 16-20.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 997KB ) ( ) 　　
Diammonium hydrogen phosphate and ammonium metatungstate were used to prepare WP precursor. The impregnation and mixing methods were used to prepare the WP/γ-Al₂O₃ precursor with loading of 30%(counting by WO₃) , respectively. WP/γ-Al₂O₃ precursors by adding some content of promoter Ni,Co,V with loading of 30%(counting by WO₃) were also prepared with impregnation method, respectively. All catalysts were measured with thermogravimetric（TG）analysis in H₂ flow. The synthetic process of WP catalyst was studied. The effect of synthetic method and promoter on phosphiding extent of WP/γ-Al₂O₃ precursor was investigated. The results show that WP precursor can be reduced to WP completely in H₂ flow. W species on the surface of WP/γ-Al₂O₃ precursors prepared by impregnation or mixing methods can not be reduced to WP completely in H₂ flow . A substance with a similar structure of -Al-O-W-P is probably formed on the support surface. Compared with WP/γ-Al₂O₃ precursor by mixing method, W species is more difficult to be reduced to WP on the surface of WP/γ-Al₂O₃ precursor by impregnation method. It suggests that inginating reduced temperature of WP/γ-Al₂O₃ precursor is obviously decreased by adding promoter nickel(Ni). Cobalt(Co) increases the phosphiding extent of WP/γ-Al₂O₃ precursor. Adding vanadium(V) species on the surface of WP/γ-Al₂O₃ precursor is more different to be reduced to WP.
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Measurement and Regression on the Solubility of Methyl Chloride in n-Hexane
ZHANG Yan， SHANG Yu-wei， LI Shu-xin， GUO Wen-li
2007, 20 (4): 21-24.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1118KB ) ( ) 　　
Determine the solubility of methyl chloride in n-hexane and regress experimental data by Peng-Robinson equation of state(EOS).Phase equilibrium equipment with magnetic stirring apparatus was developed and used in mensurating the solubility of methyl chloride in n-hexane at depression. Its high precision was proved by reliability test. The solubilities at 25，30，35，40 ℃ were measured and the averages of Henry constants are 884,959,1 067,1 172 kPa. It is found that the solubility of methyl chloride in n-hexane are decreases with the temperature increased and increases with the pressure increased. The binary parameter calculated by Peng-Robinson EOS is 0.053 4.The calculated and experimental values of equilibrium pressure are compared, the average relative deviation is 0.985%.Peng-Robinson EOS is accurate in regressing and can be used in more researches.
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Construction of a Genetic Engineering Strain That Can Produce Extracellular Polyssacharidesin Higher Temperature for MEOR
YI Wen-jing, ZHANG Zhong-zhi*,SUN Shan-shan, WEI Xiao-fang, LUO Yi-jing
2007, 20 (4): 25-27.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1051KB ) ( ) 　　
 
A strain screened from the waste water of an oilfield can produce insoluble extracellular polysaccharide used in selective plugging which is instrumental in microbially enhanced oil recovery. However this strain is sensitive to high temperature and produces little extracellular polyssacharides above 40 ℃. Therefore pET-ecoRRF, pET-tteRRF and corresponding control plasmids were transformed into the strain. The new strain can grow in 45 ℃, and western-blot indicates that the RRF genes have been expressed noticeably in the transgene strains. It has been showed that the transgene strains are able to bear higher temperature, and the sustainable temperature is higher five to eight degrees than the original strain. Because Enterobacter sp. is related to Escherichia coli, the expression of RRF is better than the gene of Thermus thermophilus in the strain of JD. At last it is successful to get a genetic engineering microbe which can endure the temperature as high as 45 ℃ and produce extracellular polysaccharides.
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Preparation and Performances of TiO₂ /Potassium Titanate Photocatalyst
LI Song-tian，YAN Yong-sheng，WU Chun-du*，HUO Peng-wei，CHU Jin-yu
2007, 20 (4): 28-32.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 2342KB ) ( ) 　　
In order to investigate the decomposition function of photocatalytic technique to the organic contamination, a new carrier of catalyst was chosen. Sol-gel method was used to preparate TiO₂/potassium titanate photocatalyst. X-ray diffraction and SEM were used to token the product.   EDS shows that the main peak included Ti, O, K in potassium titanate whisker. The main peak of K disappeared and the peaks of Ti, O stayed after whisker was covered. It indicates that the surface of sample is covered by TiO₂. XRD shows that diffraction peak appeared, which is corresponded to the peak of anatase TiO₂. In the reaction device of photochemistry, using middle-pressure mercury lamp as illumination, rhodamine B as simulant pollutant, the photocatalytic performance of TiO₂/potassium titanate was studied. The decoloration rate of TiO₂/potassium titanate which was used to deal with rhodamine B in the experiment was influenced by the pH value, light intensity, reaction temperature, aeration amount, the dosage of catalyst etc. When the concentration of rhodamine B was 8 mg/L, the dosage of TiO₂/potassium titanate was 0.01 g/L. The decoloration rate of TiO₂/potassium titanate dealt with the rhodamine B reach over 95% in 160 minutes, and compared with TiO₂, the decoloration rate of rhodamine B was improved 0.50~1.91 multiple.
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The Aqueous Solution Property of MDFFA/SDS Mixed System
YANG Li, GAO Mang-lai, LIU Hong-sheng, HAN Fan-zhen
2007, 20 (4): 33-37.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1154KB ) ( ) 　　
Critical micelle concentration (cmc) of molecular deposition filming flooding agent (MDFFA) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) mixed systems were determined by conductivity method, and the effect of MDFFA on the precipitating behavior of anionic surfactant and multivalent cation was studied by means of light transmission measurement. The results show that MDFFA can decrease the cmc of SDS, the cmc decreases with the increasing of the concentration of MDFFA. With the increasing of temperature from 25 ℃ to 50 ℃, the cmc of  2 mmol/L MDFFA/SDS mixed system decreased. The cmcof 2 mmol/L MDFFA/SDS decreased with the increasing of concentration of NaCl. The precipitating behavior did not happen when MDFFA and SDS were mixed. MDFFA can restrain the precipitating behavior of anionic surfactant and Ca²⁺. The capability of MDFFA restrain the precipitating behavior is better than NaCl, NaOH and NaHCO₃.
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Flow Optimization of Atmosphere-Vacuum Distillation for Crude Oil
GE Yu-lin, SHEN Sheng-qiang
2007, 20 (4): 38-41.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1645KB ) ( ) 　　
 
Taken feed locations of primary, atmosphere and vacuum distillation column as optimization decision variables, and maximum annual net profit as objective function, optimization model was established with kernel constrain conditions of distillation model, heat balance equation, and pump work equation and relative inequality constrain conditions. The optimization model was solved with the second development on Pro/II platform. The optimization feed location of each distillation column was achieved and good optimization result was yielded. The contributions of profit of each product, cost of crude oil, pump work, heating duty, cooling duty and vapor to annual general profit were analyzed. Among contrastive relationships of profits and costs, the contribution of profit of each product to net annual general profit is most, that of decrease of pump work is more, but those increases cost of heating and cooling duty.
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Investigation and Optimization of Hydrothermal Synthesizing Condition of  Catalysts for Low-Temperature Methane Catalytic Combustion
 
LIU Zhi-yun, SONG Yong-ji
2007, 20 (4): 42-45.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1540KB ) ( ) 　　
The hydrothermal synthesizing condition of catalysts for low-temperature methane catalytic combustion was investigated and analyzed through the orthogonal experiment. The results show that the activity of catalyst is influenced mostly by the activity components in the initial phase of combustion, in the middle and final phase all the factors influence the activity of catalyst mostly. The proper hydrothermal synthesizing condition was that using Co(NO₃)₂ as reactant, carbamide was 4.5 times than what was needed, the reaction maintains 4 h at 160 ℃. Then dried 15 h at 120 ℃ and roasted 3 h at 500 ℃. The No.15 sample of orthogonal experiment acquired the best activity and the T 99%  was 549 ℃. The activity of the additional sample synthesized at the optimized condition improves largely and the T99%  was 447 ℃ .X-ray diffraction(XRD) and BET reveal the catalysts maintain the same crystal structure at a temperature range from 500 ℃ to 800 ℃, the particle size increases and the surface area is decreased with the increasing of calcination temperature, as a result the activity of catalyst is decreased.
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Model Optimization Platform Based on LabVIEW for the Frequency Response System
FANG Hong-chang, SUN Zhao-lin, ZHANG Xiao-tong, LI Fei-fei, GUI Xing-hua, SONG Li-juan*
2007, 20 (4): 46-50.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 2565KB ) ( ) 　　
 
A software platform for the optimization of frequency response characteristic function used for the characterization of catalysts has been developed based on LabVIEW.The optimization algorithm of simplex algorithm and Powell method were introduced, as well as fundamental principles refer to catalyst models and objective functions. The flow chart of program platform was presented. Design procedures, the graphic programs and some other techniques for main program VI and model configuration, simplex method, theory model, etc. were also described.
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SbF₆ and Its Desulfurization Performance
WANG Cui-xia, GAO Jun-bin, DING Fu-chen, JIN Guang-zhou, ZHAO Ru-song, GONG Liang-fa
2007, 20 (4): 51-54.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1988KB ) ( ) 　　
A novel ionic liquid ［BMIm］SbF₆ was synthesized effectively by microwave radiation and characterized with FT-IR. The results show that the ionic liquid is one of typical ionic liquids based N, N'-dialkylimidazolium. The molecular structure and resonance frequency of the ionic liquid was calculated with density function theory (DFT) of quantum chemistry. The calculated data of IR resonance frequency are consistent with the experimental data. The molecular structure of the conjugant of ［BMIm］SbF₆ and thiophene was also simulated and calculated. The data indicates that the stability energy of the conjugant is increased compared with the summation of stability energy of ［BMIm］SbF₆ and thiophene. This implied that there is a better extractive speciality between ［BMIm］SbF₆ and thiophene. The property of the extractive desulfurization of ［BMIm］SbF₆ was tested in certain conditions with simulative gasoline. The result indicates that there was the better property of desulfurization for this ionic liquid. The ratio of once desulfurization could be reached 15%. 
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Influences of Soil Water Content on Corrosion Behavior of  X70 Steel in Yingtan Acidic Soil
CHEN Xu， DU Cui-wei， LI Xiao-gang， LIANG Ping
2007, 20 (4): 55-58.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 3974KB ) ( ) 　　
The corrosion behavior of X70 steel in Yingtan acidic soil was studied by using polarization curve technique and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in 13%~40% water content. It is found that X70 steel corrosion rate is rised with the increasing of water content and reached a maximum value when the water content of soil is saturated, and samples is corroded selectively expanding roundly. Cathode reaction is oxygen reduction when water content is 13%, hydrogen ion then participated in with the water content increasing. Water content and pH both affect X70 steel electrochemical behaviors. Corrosion resisting property of X70 steel is bad in Yingtan acidic soil.
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Numerical Simulation of the Flow Resistance  Characteristic in a New Type Static Mixer
MENG Hui-bo, WU Jian-hua2 YU Yan-fang, GONG Bin
2007, 20 (4): 59-62.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 2050KB ) ( ) 　　
The characteristic of flow resistance in the new type static mixers was investigated based on the microscope flow character by using the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) software. It can be seen from the velocity vectors of axial cross-sections that there was the spin flow, reverse to the revolving direction of the mixer element groups in the new type static mixers. The relationship among all factors influencing flow resistance in the static mixers was simplified by using the dimensional analysis and π theorem. A general relationship of friction coefficient of the flow resistance was gained by data reduction and regression. It offers the theoretical base for the industry application.
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The Product Pipeline Optimization Based on IPGA
CUI Yan-yu, WU Ming*, ZHANG Guo-zhong
2007, 20 (4): 63-67.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1010KB ) ( ) 　　
The integer which was coded partheno-genetic algorithm (IPGA) will be used in the optimization of products pipeline pump distribution program. The rotation speed of pump was regarded as the decision-making variable. The optimization results were formed into chromosomes by using integer coding solution. Corresponding genetic methods and adaptation function were designed, and data of the western pipeline was used for verifying and calculating. The result shows that IPGA is feasible on product pipeline optimization. 
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Numerical Simulation on Flow Performance in Radial-Flow Fixed-Bed Reactors
MA Su-juan， LAN Xing-ying， GAO Jin-sen， SUN Shou-feng
2007, 20 (4): 68-71.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 3298KB ) ( ) 　　
Based on CFD method, porosity and resistance coefficient was introduced to develop a mathematical model for radial-flow fixed-bed reactor (RFBR). The commercial CFD code FLUENT6.1 was applied to simulate the flow field in four kinds RFBRs with different flow modes. Some detailed information about the velocity and pressure distribution in these reactors was obtained. The simulated results show that most gases passed through the catalyst bed along the radial direction with the effect of bed resistance. The velocity distribution in the middle of the catalyst bed is approximatively uniform. The flow in outward RFBR is better than that in inward RFBR, and the flow in outward Π-shaped RFBR is better than that in outward Z-shaped RFBR. The axial non-uniformity in inward Z-shaped RFBR is maximum, then followed by inward Π-shaped RFBR, outward Z-shaped RFBR, and outward Π-shaped RFBR. The flow in outward Z-shaped RFBR is the most uniform.
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Safety Assessment Benchmarks of Shutdown and Restart for Crude Oil Pipeline
FAN Hua-jun, ZHANG Jin-jun*, HOU Lei
2007, 20 (4): 72-75.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 961KB ) ( ) 　　
he characteristics of restart pressure used in the crude oil pipeline shutdown and restart safety assessment were analyzed. It is pointed out that the maximum allowable incident pressure（MAIP）, but not the maximum allowable operation pressure（MAOP）, was more suitable for the safety assessment benchmarks of pipeline shutdown and restart. Referencing the MAIP and basing on the pressure parameters provided in Chinese standards, 1.1 times pipeline internal design pressure, 1.1 times pipe remaining strength and 1.1MAOP were respectively recommended as the safety assessment benchmarks for pipelines with no defects, detected defects and undetected defects. The results obtained in a case of a pipeline with undetected defects show that 1.1MAOP is more reasonable than MAOP as the safety assessment benchmarks of shutdown and restart for crude oil pipeline.
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The Application of L-E-E Equation in Calculating the Thermo-Physical Properties of Natural Gas
LI Jin, WU Ming*, WANG Wei-qiang, YANG Guang-feng,RONG Deng-ke
2007, 20 (4): 76-80.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 987KB ) ( ) 　　
For gas pipeline, simulating the working condition was necessary in order to work safely and economically and manage rationally. Some gas pressure was up to 10 MPa in the pipeline, in which the result by equation for ideal gas has the greater error. L-E-E equation was applied to solve the physical parameters such as the compression factor, practice gas density, specific heat, adiabatic index, entropy, enthalpy and so on. And the program was compiled to calculate the properties. The calculate results show that L-E-E equation is much accurate and can be applied widely in the practice.
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Numerical Simulation of Barrier Influence on Diffusion of Natural Gas Due to Pipeline Failure
LIU Yan-lei, ZHENG Jin-yang*, ZHAO Yong-zhi, XU Ping, CHEN Hong-gang
2007, 20 (4): 81-84.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1890KB ) ( ) 　　
The numerical simulation method of analyzing the effect of barrier on diffusion due to pipeline failure and the model for diffusion of natural gas had been established using species transport and reaction module of Fluent. By practical reconnaissance, the predigested 2D geometric model for barrier was established. Furthermore, the effect of barrier on diffusion of natural gas was obtained by comparison of simulation results (such as the distribution of natural gas and velocities in the case of barrier or no barrier). The simulation results can provide reference for dealing with the leakage of natural gas due to pipeline failure.
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Quantitative Analysis for Effect of Hydrodynamic Factors on Erosion-Corrosion of Air Cooler
DAI Zhen, NIU Xiao-guang, SHEN Shi-ming
2007, 20 (4): 85-88.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 2402KB ) ( ) 　　
For the leakage of high pressure air cooler tubes caused by corrosion, relationship between hydrodynamic factors and erosion-corrosion of high pressure air cooler tubes in the hydrocracking unit of a petrochemical corporation was discussed. Accelerating effect of hydrodynamic factors such as turbulence intensity and shear stress acting on inner wall of air cooler tubes on corrosion were quantitatively investigated by a weight loss test method. The position badly destroyed by erosion-corrosion was found. Erosion-corrosion rate of high pressure air cooler tubes was predicted according to experimental data and CFD simulation results. 
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Application of the Wavelet Transform in the Acoustic Inspection for Pipe Leakage
GONG Bin, LI Zhao-nan, YAN Li-qun, XU Huan
2007, 20 (4): 89-92.
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1349KB ) ( ) 　　
The characteristics of acoustic signal for pipe leakage and general wavelet primary function were analyzed. It concludes that the suitable primary functions for acoustic signal of pipe leakage are Daubechies wavelet and Symlet wavelet. The experiments of the acoustic inspection were conducted in water leakage of the carbon steel pipe and the wavelet transform of the leakage signal was done by db5 and sym5 wavelet. It shows that the most energy is a6 level signal energy and the peak frequency of the signal focus on 2.90~3.81 kHz. The maximum relative error of two different wavelet transforms is 0.77% in the energy analysis and 5.17% in frequency analysis.
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