With the increasing of the economy and population, the demand of the ethylene cracking raw material increased year by year, and the problem that the competing demands for ethylene cracking raw materialin our country became more obvious.As the ethylene cracking raw material, the hydrogenation tail oil was also becoming more and more valued.Advantages and problems in production of the hydrogenation tail oil as cracking raw material of the ethylene were summarized.The influence factors (such as raw material property, pyrolysis temperature, residence time, hydrocarbon pressure, metal catalysis) of coking process were introduced mainly.Besides, according to some domestic and overseas research achievements in this field in recent years, the corresponding inhibition measure which included raw materials and process conditions optimization technology, adding coking inhibitor technology, furnace tube surface pretreatment technology, new material furnace tube and enhancement of heat transfer in the furnace tube furnace tube technology during the process of cracking furnace coking were introduced especially. The measures will provide a reference for the invention of new inhibiting coking technology.

Intergrowth zeolites, i.e. MFI/MOR and BEA/MOR with approximate phase compositions, were hydrothermally synthesized using seed-mediated growth method. The two series of intergrowths were treated by combined alkali-acid treatments for introduction of mesoporous structure. The compositional and structural properties of both synthesized and modified materials were characterized upon the methods of X-ray diffraction (XRD), N₂ adsorption-desorption at 77 K, scanning and transmission electron microscopes (SEM/TEM), and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). As a result, the changes in initial SiO₂/Al₂O₃ ratio and crystallization conditions concerning T/K, t/h and pH affected the framework Si/Al ratio and phase composition of zeolite intergrowths, and the modified intergrowths were shown to have crystalline hierarchical porous structures, especially for BEA/MOR(t) featuring of the narrower mesopore size distribution. The porous structure properties and phase composition were related to the structural stability of zeolite phases in both intergrowths. Moreover, the zeolite phases related to small primary crystal size and low framework stability were etched preferentially by alkaline media, leading to reductions in weight fraction of MFI and BEA phases. In addition, framework Si/Al ratios of modified zeolites were increased due to final acid extraction.

ZnO/CeO₂ nanocomposites were prepared by heterogeneous precipitation method. The phase composition was determined by XRD method, and analyzed by Rietveld refinement method. The refinement results show that the sample is made up of a mixture of hexagonal ZnO and cubic CeO₂. The average crystallite sizes are 20.0 nm and 6.9 nm, and the mass fractions are 28.2% and 71.8%, respectively. The reliability factors of the refinements are R_wp=5.95%, R_exp=4.06%, GOF=1.47. The reliability of results is further proved by TEM analysis. It is showed that Rietveld analysis is scientific and reliable in the study of phase ratio and grain size of nanocomposites.

The effect of interfacial tension on the displacement efficiency of the ASP system was analyzed by the natural core and microscopic visual displacement experiment. The microscopic residual oil was classified, and the microscopic mechanism of the residual oil driven by the ASP system was studied emphatically. The results show that the lower the interfacial tension is, the higher the recovery rate is, and the recovery rate is up to 23.88%. The remaining oil is divided into 5 types, including cluster type, columnar type, deadend type, droplets type and oil film type. The proportion of the remaining oil displaced in the ASP flooding increases with the decrease of the interfacial tension. The proportion of cluster residual oil displaced is the largest and the proportion of the dead-end residual oil is the smallest.

Aiming at the property of oil-bearing sewage after polymer flooding in LH oilfield, on the basis of the microscopic of suspended matter in oil-bearing sewage, flask experiment was used to evaluate the sewage processing effect of several organic and inorganic flocculation agent used in domestic oilfield. Three kinds of flocculating agent were elected and mixed with VB-1, and the oil removal rate and removal of turbidity were studied. The flocculation effect of different concentration of flocculating agent VB-1 in the mixture was researched and the flocculation effect of different experiment temperature was also investigated. The results showed that the best combination flocculating system was 150 mg/L VB-1+3 000 mg/L JDF. The oil removal rate and removal of turbidity were 95.78% and 88.54% under the condition of 40 ℃. The higher the temperature, the better the flocculation effect of the combination flocculating system. The optimized combination flocculating system FPTY has strong application feasibility in the processing of oil-bearing sewage after polymer flooding in LH oilfield.

The Taibei block of Xingnan oilfield is a typical extra low-permeability and strong sensitivity reservoir, which has many characters, such as low porosity, low permeability and severe heterogeneity. During water flooding of the Taibei block of Xingnan oilfield, the rapidly-increasing pressure in injecting wells and the rapidly-decreasing pressure in producing wells occurred. In order to abate these problems, in this paper, technology of decreasing injection pressure and increasing injection rate by petroleum sulfonate-based surfactant was studied.The petroleum sulfonate was selected as the main chemical agent, assisted by various additives. By IFT measurement of oil and surfactant solution and core simulation displacement experiment, the chemical agent formula used for decreasing injection pressure and increasing injection rate was developed, and the injection parameters were optimized.The results showed that the formula system was 0.7%XPS+0.9%6501+1.2%Na₂CO₃+0.5%NBA, the IFT between the Taibei block oil and formula system was 8.61×10^-3mN/m, the best concentration of agent was 0.5%, the best injection volume was 0.5 PV, and the ratio of decreasing injecting pressure was 18.37%.

In this paper, a kind of acidizing gelling agent P(AM-co-DAC) was prepared by aqueous solution polymerization using acrylamide (AM) and acryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride(DAC) as raw materials. The optimum conditions were determined by the single factor analytic approach. The product was characterized by IR and proved to be the target product. The text result shows that the product has good acid solubility, tackify performance，thermal stability and shear stability. The viscosity of acidizing fluid of 20% HCl can retain 30 mPa·s at 180 ℃, after shearing 100min at the shearing rate of 170 s^-1. 

Research on the technique of emulsified diesel temporary plugging and diversion capacity was carried out in this paper. The new technology attempted to improve acidizing effectin Bohai oilfields, which was unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs with thick oil layers, serious anisotropy and high water-cut after acidification. The physical model lab test indicated that the emulsion diesel system with oil-water ratio 3∶7 had a good capacity of selectively plugging in high permeability layers and little plugging effect on the low permeability layers. This can lead following fluids steering to the lower permeability layer. Integrated with conventional acidizing treatments, the emulsion diesel system can also conduce to uniformly acidizing treatment, water control and stimulation.

The minimum miscible pressure(MMP) is one of the key parameters in gas flooding technology. In present, the MMP is forecasted using empirical formula method and theoretical calculation method. The research proposed a modified empirical formula method considering the key influence parameters to MMP. At same time, combining with reservoir engineering method, phase equilibrium theory, reservoir numerical simulation technology and so on, an amended tie line analytical method theory forecasting model was built. The calculation accuracies of the two MMP forecasting models are evidently improved with the calculation accuracy to be over 90%. 

The concern of global energy shortage urges people to divert their attention to the promising tight oil development. However, there are many challenges in developing the tight reservoirs due to their extremely low porosity and permeability. The spontaneous imbibition based on the capillary pressure can be an effective method fordeveloping the tight reservoirs. The nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI)in combination with the spontaneous imbibition experiment can provide insight into the process and mechanism of spontaneous imbibition in the tight pore-throats. 2-dimensional (2D) reconstructions of insitu oil phase inside a core plugcan be provided by NMR imaging, which is beneficial to analyze the development effectiveness at different spontaneous imbibition stages and further determine which functions would contribute the spontaneous imbibition. In addition, the NMR spin-spin (T₂) relaxation times distribution also revealed the spontaneous imbibition performance and mechanisms.The calculated recovery factor by T₂ spectrum accords well with that of weight change, which verifies the feasibility of evaluating the tight oil reservoir development by NMRI method. This study is aiming to lay a solid foundation for the evaluation and development of tight reservoirs. 

 

Because gas production in gas cap reservoirs is not stable,it can't be used as the fuel of platform gas turbine power station, so the storage and transportation cost of offshore oil field is high.Therefore, in the process of developing offshore gas cap reservoirs, the development mode of gas control should be used to reduce energy waste.The AICD inflow control device, based on the Bernoulli principle, can delay the gas break through, and after the well gas break through, it can restrict gas flow into the wellbore. AICD technology in Norway Troll oil field is applied successfully.At the same time, the production gas oil ratio of the AICD wells is one-third that of the unused AICD wells, and cumulative oil production is increased by 20%.Aiming at the gas cap and bottom water heavy oil reservoirs in Bohai Q oilfield,the multi-well model of ECLIPSE is used to simulate the AICD technology of horizontal wells.The calculation results show that the ACID device effectively reduces the gas oil ratio from 1 000～2 500 m³/m³ to 500～1 000m³/m³, and the accumulated oil increases by 12% to 15%.Horizontal well combined with AICD gas control technology can provide a new way for the development of offshore gas cap reservoir, and it has broad application prospects.

Aimed at the disadvantages existing in oil operator training mode, a new training mode based on virtual reality technique is presented in this paper, and a training system based on some core technologies, such as physical simulation technology, computer virtual simulation technology, DCS (Distributed Control System) technology, multimedia network technology,has been established. Immersive oilfield virtual reality environment in the aspects of visual, auditory and tactile sense and interactive mode for oil operatorsis provided by oil OTS. Based on construction of hardware and software system, an integrated training and examination platform has been established. The paper focuses on overall structure, core technologies and field application of oil OTS. The spot application indicates that oil OTS system can improve the quality of training effectively and droptraining cost obviously. The system has high practical application value.

 

Based on the pore casting thin sections, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction, analysis of physical properties, hydrocarbon inclusions, combined with the results of thermal history reconstruction, diagenesis and classification of hydrocarbon accumulation phases of the Nantun formation in lower cretaceous in the Modamudi

depression, Hailar basin were conducted in this paper. The results showed that the main rock types including feldspar lithic sandstone, tuffaceous debris sandstone, and the main interstitial material were associated with argillaceous siliceous, carbonate and a small amount of volcanicash. The pore types, including the hole and intergranular corrosion reap the hole, have been found. The diagenesis in this formation included compaction stage, cracking, cementation, metasomatism, dissolution, which usually is related with early diagenetic stage B to late diagenetic stage A. Combined fluid inclusion analysis,homogenization temperature as well as thermal evolution history, the late cretaceous( 90~70 Ma) is the major period of hydrocarbon accumulations in the Nantun Formation.

A fault system is one of the main geological factors controlling the formation and preservation of hydrocarbon reservoirs in Weibei Sag. The Weibei Sag is characterized by a complex fault system and multiple fault configurations. Unfortunately, previous studies had rarely focused on the overall fault systems and their controlling effect on hydrocarbon accumulation. Based on the seismic interpretation of the whole Weibei sag and geochemical data, the control of fault systems on hydrocarbon accumulation in this sag especially on the pathway of the sag was system atically studied. The following results were obtained:The faults can be grouped into 4 fault systems:NWW direction fault system, NW direction fault system, LiyuZaohu fault system and NNE direction fault system according to the fault strike. The fault configurations of the 4 fault systems mainly included strike-slip extensional fault configurations such as fault terrace type,“Y”-shaped type, anti-“Y”-shaped type and negative flower type. They were mostly formed in the extensional-rift period stage in which most faults of this sag were formed and influenced by several strike-slip extrusion. It was concluded that fault systems with different strikes played different rules in controlling hydrocarbon accumulation. The deep-rooted major faults exerted control effect on the distribution of gas fields and the evolution of the basin. The NW direction and NNE direction fault systems acted as the major pathways for hydrocarbon migration and indicated the direction of hydrocarbon，the Liyu-Zaohu fault system controlled the formation of most effective traps in the sag on account of it was on the dominant migration path and its good fault sealing and good reservoir property improved by minor faults.

 

The successful exploration of natural gas in Shahezi formation opened the prelude for sandy conglomerate gas in faulted formation of Xujiaweizi depression in Songliao basin.Sandy conglomerateare characteristics by high interstitial fillings, complex types and various origins.The relationship between interstitial material and sandy conglomerate is unclear, which restricts the effective reservoir prediction.According to characterization of thin section, scanning electron microscope, X diffraction, physical testing, the types of interstitial fillings and the influence on sandy conglomerate reservoir are analyzed. The results show that the interstitial material types include mud matrix, volcano ash, carbonate, siliceous,clay minerals, pyrite,etc.The main interstitial fillings are mud matrix and carbonate,followed by clay minerals, silica and volcanic ash,with pyrite seldom developed.Mudmatrix and volcano ashare sedimentary fillings,silica and clay minerals are formed in the early to middle diageneticstage, and carbonate cements are mostly developed in late diagenetic stages.The relationship between interstitial fillings types and rock porosity indicates that mudmatrix plugs the pore throat and reduces original pore greatly. Siliceous cementation and chlorite cladding in the early diagenetic stage increase reservoir strength, which is conducive to the preservation of primary porosity. The volcano ash is easy to be dissolved, which is favorable for the development of secondary pores.Large poresare devided into small pores by clay mineral and a large number of micro pores are provided,so clay mineral content and the porosity are negatively correlated.Residual poresare filled by late carbonate cements,which increase the density of sandy conglomerate.

To develop a passive approach for mitigating severe slugging in pipeline-riser systems, a new flow conditioner, Ωshaped pipe, had been proposed. The Ω-shaped pipe was investigated experimentally under gas-liquid two-phase stratified flow conditions in a horizontal pipeline. The effects of the geometrical parameters of Ω-shaped pipe on its flow conditioning capacity and the flow conditioning mechanism were discussed based on the experimental data. It has been demonstrated that: after the gas-liquid flow passes through the Ω-shaped pipe, the fluctuation intensity and intermittency of liquid holdup time traces increased with increasing of standard deviation, maximum value, fluctuation range, cycle time and decreasing of minimum value. The gas-liquid stratified flow regime can be converted into an intermittent flow regime by Ω-shaped pipe, the flow conditioning capacity of which becomes stronger with the increase of the radius and count of the main bent and the effect of the distance between two adjacent bents is minor. The flow conditioning mechanism of the Ω-shaped pipe can be attributed to two physical processes: liquid blocking and gas carrying-over. The outcome of this study provides a foundation for optimizing the design of Ω-shaped pipes and applying Ω-shaped pipes to mitigating severe slugging in pipeline-riser systems. 

The design, construction procedure and testing results analysis of impressed current cathodic protection for external side of bottom plate of 100 000 m³ storage tank are presented in this work. A technical scheme is proposed in the case of reasonable parameters selection and compared with recommended national standard. Potential testing with and without impressed current removed is carried out, finding that the results are both in the range of effective protection. After 1 year running, the increasing output current and decreasing loop resistance are ascribed to the synergistic effect of damaged coating and increased corrosion capability of electrolyte.

Cold and hot crude oil orderly transportation is very strict to the temperature field of the soil, which is also the key for  the hot oil to enter the station safely after the cold oil is transported. Based on heat transfer and fluid dynamics, the governing equations of flow and heat transfer of buried pipelines have been established, and the numerical simulation of the dynamic change process of cold and hot crude oil orderly transportation process along the pipeline in different axial position of the oil temperature and soil temperature field have been done. The results show that with the alternating cycle operation of temperature of the outbound crude oil, there is a periodic variation in the oil temperature of different locations along the pipeline and a certain range around the soil temperature field but a certain time or space lag. For the low throughput operation of the pipeline, more than a certain distance, the transmission temperature tends to be consistent. There is a main factor which should be considered in the pipeline safe operation plan that in the process of hot-cold oil batch transportation, hot oil inlet temperature drops to a minimum which is affected by the previous cold oil.