Functionalized SBA － 15 Materials as Carriers for Adsorption and Controlled Drug Delivery
SUN Li-na, ZHANG Xiao-tong, CHEN Lei,et al
2010, 23 (3): 1-5. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.001
Abstract ( 1064 ) PDF ( 1220KB ) ( 732 ) 　　
Mesoporous SBA-15 materials were functionalized with amine groups through postsynthesis, and resulting functionalized material was investigated as matrix for controlled drug delivery. The structure, composition and framework of the material were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), intelligent weight analyzer (IGA), transmission scanning electron microscopy (TEM), infrared spectrometer (IR), and molecular simulation software. Ibuprofen (IBU) was selected as model drug and loaded onto the unmodified and functionalized SBA-15. It was revealed that the adsorption capacities and release behaviors of this model drug were highly dependent on the surface properties of SBA-15 materials. The release rate of IBU from SBA-15 functionalized by postsynthesis is found to be effectively controlled as compared to that from pure SBA-15 due to the ionic interaction between carboxyl groups in IBU and amine groups on the surface of SBA-15.
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The Relationship Between Colloidal Stability of Atmospheric Reidues or Vacuum Residues and the Characteristics of Fractions
ZHANG Long-li， YANG Guo-hua， QUE Guo-he， et al
2010, 23 (3): 6-10. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.002
Abstract ( 1116 ) PDF ( 179KB ) ( 722 ) 　　
The colloidal stability of several residues, including Da-gang (DG), Middle East (ME), Ta-he (TH) atmospheric residues, and the corresponding vacuum residues, were measured by the mass fraction normalized conductivity. In addtion, the polar or compositional characterization of fractions of samples was performed to elucidate their effect on colloidal stability. The colloidal stability paramters of samples were from 1.45 to 8.20.   The mean molecular weight and the mean dipole moments of fractions were measured. The results show that fraction composition and the characteristics of them determined the colloidal stability of samples together and can be expressed by a formula. When the difference between dipole moment values of resins and asphaltenes is less, and the content ratio of resins to asphaltenes is bigger, the residue will be more stable. So do the heavy aromatics and asphaltenes. The ratio of saturates and light aromatics to asphaltenes is larger, the difference of polarity is larger, the sample will be more unstable.    
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Research on the Electrostatic Coalescing Demulsification of Water－in－Oil Emulsions in Rectangular Flow Channel
DING Yi, CHEN Jia-qing, SHANG Chao, ZHANG Bao-sheng
2010, 23 (3): 11-16. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.003
Abstract ( 1743 ) PDF ( 1383KB ) ( 449 ) 　　
The study of de － emulsification mechanism for water － in － oil emulsions by electrostatic coalescence in rectangular flow channel was the basis and prerequisite of developing vessel internal electrostatic coalescer．The influence factors of electric field intensity with insulating coating in rectangular flow channel and coalescence mechanism of dispersed droplets under homogeneous alternating current electric field were analyzed ．Then the continuous－flow electro－coalescence experimental apparatus with rectangular flow channel was designed ．Based on this apparatus ，the effects of electric field intensity，pulsed
frequency ，pulse width ratio ，flow velocity to the electrostatic coalescing characteristics of dispersed droplets were studied by applying rectangular － wave high－voltag and high－frequency pulsed alternating current with water－ in －oil emulsions．The experimental results show that electric field intensity and flow velocity play an important role in electrostatic coalescing process of dispersed droplets，and have an optimal operating condition．
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Comparison Between the Binary／Tertiary Compound Systems Flooding in Cores
ZHANG Li-juan, YUE Xiang-an
2010, 23 (3): 17-20. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.004
Abstract ( 775 ) PDF ( 765KB ) ( 593 ) 　　
 Using long core flow and heterogeneous core flood experiments, dynamical resistance coefficient, distribution of viscosity and interfacial tension in flow direction and displacement effects, were given about the tertiary system of alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) and the binary system (SP). The results show that as the migration distance increases, the interfacial tension of effluent goes up, rising from 10^-3 mN/m to 10^-1~10² mN/m, and stabilizes at about 1 mN/m, and both have similar viscosity and interfacial intension before injection. Due to the effects of alkaline and surfactant concentration on interfacial activity of ASP tertiary system, its interfacial tension changes greatly. Alkaline favors the less viscosity loss of ASP tertiary system, thus it has higher viscosity retention and flow resistance coefficient. Under the experimental condition, ASP tertiary system is superior to SP binary system in improving displacement effects. In heterogeneous core’s flooding experiments, an average 5%~7% recovery of ASP tertiary system is higher than that of SP binary system with an injection plug of 0.4~0.6PV at 70% water-cut.
 
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Synthesis and Performance of High Branch Polyether Demulsifiers
WANG Jun, HU Feng-lian, QU Hong-jie, LI Cui-qin 
2010, 23 (3): 21-25. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.005
Abstract ( 843 ) PDF ( 2026KB ) ( 592 ) 　　
The phenol-amine resin was synthesized through dehydration condensation reaction of bisphenol A, diethylenetriamine and formaldehyde at reaction temperature 70 ℃, reaction time 60 min and the post treatment was 120 ℃, 1.33 kPa. PAE polyether demulsifiers with different EO mass fraction and mass ratio of initiator to PO were synthesized through reactions with different proportions of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide using phenol-amine resin as initiator. The characterization of PAE demulsifiers was studied by surface tension measurement and UV-vis spectra method. The results show that within low concentrations the ability of decreasing surface tension increased with decreasing EO mass fraction and increasing mass ratio of initiator to PO; the efficiency of decreasing surface tension increases with increasing mass ratio of initiator to PO and decreasing EO mass fraction. From the demulsification experiments a conclusion has been drawn that the final dehydration rate of demulsifiers increased with increasing mass fraction of EO; the speed of reaching dehydration platform is faster for the demulsifier with high mass ratio of initiator to PO. Dehydration rate of 80% is observed at 40 ℃,15 min and dosage 20 mg/L for PAE84, and there is no demulsification effect for SP169 at the same condition.
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The Influence of Phosphonate Scale Inhibitions on the Interfacial Tension of Systems － Zhuangxi Crude Oil
RONG Xin-ming， GE Ji-jiang， ZHANG Gui-cai， LIU Xiao-ling
2010, 23 (3): 26-31. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.006
Abstract ( 1018 ) PDF ( 1912KB ) ( 532 ) 　　
The combination systems with alkali was prone to cause scaling，so its need to add scale inhibitors. To research the inhibitors effect on the systems interfacial tensions(IFT), the IFT between Zhuangxi crude oil and combination systems were investigated. The combination systems were comprised of organic phosphonate antiscale, small alkali and three surfactants which included SLPS(Shengli petroleum sulfonate), OPP4 (octylphenol polyoxyethylene phosphate ester), and PBET17(the mixture of octadecyl and hexadecyl dimethyl hudroxypropyl ammonium phosphate ). The results show that surfactants singly cantreduce IFT to 0.01 mN/m, and the alkali/surfactants compound systems do not work effectively either. However, the complex systems of organic phosphonate, surfactants and alkali have ideal synergistic effect and most of them can bring IFT down to 10^-4 mN/m.
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First － Principles Studies of Acetylene Complexation With Various Metal Chlorides
LI Qiang, JIANG Heng, DING Yong, CHEN Yong-chang,et al
2010, 23 (3): 32-36. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.007
Abstract ( 920 ) PDF ( 939KB ) ( 582 ) 　　
Density functional theory （DFT） calculations were carried out for the optimization of the acetylene complexation with various metal chlorides. Electronic structures were calculated and analyzed comprehensively．The results show that ionic interactions between acetylene carbon － carbon triple bond and the metal atoms has been found ，which activate the acetylene． Dependence of geometry structure， adsorption energies and electronic changes of acetylene on the changes of Mayer total valence is also calculated ．Activation properties of acetylene over various metal ions are discussed to provide theoretical basis for
the research of non － mercury catalyst in the reaction of acetylene hydrochlorination．
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Preparation and Catalytic Performance of Mo２ C／β Zeolite for Hydrodecarboxylation of Soybean Oil
WANG Hai-yan, BAI Ying-zhi, WEI Min
2010, 23 (3): 37-40. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.008
Abstract ( 978 ) PDF ( 754KB ) ( 710 ) 　　
Mo_２ C／β zeolite catalysts were prepared using temperature － programmed reduction method with MoO_３ as precursor and modified β zeolite as carrier and characterized by XRD and TEM． The effects of reduction conditions on the catalyst performance were investigated．Hydrogenation of soybean oil was carried out in small fixed bed reactor．The results show that with temperature programming rate decreased ， the diffraction peak intensity of β － Mo_２ C increased． With the final carbonization temperature increased ，carbonation level gradually deepened ．When the temperature programming rate of 1 ℃ ／
min and final temperature of carbonization of650 ℃ ，β － Mo_２ C diffraction peak was moet clearest ．With hexane as carbon source ，Mo_２ C uniformly dispersed on the carrier ，with a high surface area ．Using Mo_２ C ／ β zeolite Loading 21.25%Mo₂ C as catalyst ，under the condition of reaction pressure 3.5 MPa ， space velocity 0.5 h^{－ １}，volume ratio of hydrogen to oil 500，reaction temperature 280 ℃ and320 ℃ ，The pour point of hydrogenated soybean oil decreased down to －5～-10 ℃ and the cetane number kept more than 70.
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Preparation of New Type of Particle Board Paraffin Emulsion
ZHENG Wen-bo,LIAO Ke-jian,CONG Yu-feng,et al
2010, 23 (3): 41-43. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.009
Abstract ( 978 ) PDF ( 533KB ) ( 782 ) 　　
The particle board wax emulsion was preparatived by the raw materials of paraffin and C₅ petroleum resin and its performance was studied. The particle board wax emulsion formulation of microemulsion was determined, and emulsification conditions on the preparation of micro-emulsion was investigated. The results show that when the paraffin, C₅ petroleum resin mass ratio of 2∶1, emulsification time is 40 min, emulsifying temperature is about 90 ℃, stirring speed is 1 000 r/min, steady particleboard wax emulsion was gained.
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Catalytic Synthesis of Butyl Oleate by Bismuth Phosphotungstate
LUO Gen-xiang， WANG Jing， LIU Chun-sheng， LAI Jun-ling
2010, 23 (3): 44-47. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.010
Abstract ( 951 ) PDF ( 458KB ) ( 534 ) 　　
The catalyst bismuth phosphotungstate was prepared and characterized, then the esterification of n-butanol and oleic acid was studied with bismuth phosphotungstate as a catalyst. The effect of kinds of phosphotungstate, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, the amount of catalysts, reaction time and reaction temperature were investigated. The experiment results show that molar ratio of 1.8∶1 of alcohol to oil, the amount of catalysts is 5% (based on weight of fatty oil), reaction time is 4 h under reflux conditions. At this time, the yield of esterification is 90.05%.
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Preparation a New Multi － Purpose Emulsion Wax
CHEN Wen-yi, GONG Zhao-jun, DUAN Ning-ning
2010, 23 (3): 48-51. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.011
Abstract ( 967 ) PDF ( 478KB ) ( 508 ) 　　
Take the oxidized wax and paraffin as raw materials, take the mixture of emulsifiers which accession to the amount was 3.0% (mass fraction), the amount of thickener by adding 3.0% (mass fraction), the size of the prepared O/W type emulsified wax with 1 μm can be obtained under the technology when the emulsion temperature was 85 ℃, emulsifying time was 30 min, stirring speed 1 000 r/min. The emulsified wax have the advantages of low cost of production, the preparation craft is simple, easy to use, non-environmental pollution, low bubble, good stability, etc., may obtain the widespread application. 
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Temperature Serviceability of SBS Modified Flame － Retardant Asphalt
LIAO Ke-jian
2010, 23 (3): 52-54. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.012
Abstract ( 921 ) PDF ( 590KB ) ( 470 ) 　　
SBS modified flame-retardant asphalt is a new product which has the roadway performance and the flame-retardation, designed as a substitute of cement concrete in highway tunnel. Compared with base asphalt of MaoMing 70^# and huanxiling 90^# and SBS modified asphalt, the temperature sensibility, high-temperature stability, low-temperature crack resistance of the SBS modified flame-retardant asphalt are similar to the SBS modified asphalt and better than base asphalt. The three temperature serviceability of the SBS modified flame-retardant asphalt which used Maoming 70^# as base asphalt is better than which used Huanxiling 90^#.
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Experimental on Oxidation Reaction Rate for EOR by Air Injection in Light － Oil Reservoirs
YU Hong-min,REN Shao-ran,NIU Bao-lun,ZUO Jing-luan
2010, 23 (3): 55-57. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.013
Abstract ( 787 ) PDF ( 233KB ) ( 648 ) 　　
Before an air injection project ，the feasibility needs investigated in light － oil reservoirs for improved oil recovery，for example Shengli and Zhongyuan Oilfield ．The process was used a nearly adiabatic oxidation reaction apparatus， and simulated the low temperature oxidation （LTO） reaction process between crude oil and air ．Based on the hypothetical reaction equation and simplified Arrhenius equation ，the effects were studied for the reaction rates，such as reservoir temperatures， reservoir pressures，clay contents et al．And the contents were analyzed for oxygen and carbon dioxide in produced gas．The experimental results show that the crude oil could realize the LTO reaction，and the air injection technique is feasible in the targeted reservoirs． LTO reaction rate is greatly affected by reservoir temperatures， pressures and clay contents ． The temperature （in the sand pack） is monitored during the reaction to detect the temperature increase due LTO reactions，which has shown that no significant temperature rising can be observed for the reaction temperature of 95 ℃ up to 130 ℃．
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The Organic Electrochemical Synthesis of Nickelocene
LI Qi, QIAO Qing-dong
2010, 23 (3): 58-61. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.014
Abstract ( 1813 ) PDF ( 707KB ) ( 513 ) 　　
The purification of cyclopentadiene and the electrosynthesis of nickelocene were studied. Nickelocene was electrochemical synthesized by using purified cyclopentadiene as the raw material, and metal nickel used as both anode and cathode, sodium bromide as the conducting salt, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as the organic solvent, and nitrogen as the protection gas of the solution. In the dicyclopentadiene purification experiment, the best depolymerization and best circumfluence temperature of cyclopentadiene are 170 ℃ and 120 ℃ respectively. The purification process above must be continuously carried on. The purities of dicyclopentadiene and cyclopentadiene determined by gas chromatography are 95.4% and 97.3%. In the electrochemical synthesis experiment, the electrode potential changes are first determined using calomel electrode as the reference electrode; meanwhile the polarizing curves are also measured in order to confirm the best current density, i.e. 3.93 mA/cm2. Secondly the best reaction time determined is 210 min through the observation of the solution color changes, the electrode potential changes, the ultraviolet and the infrared spectrogram of the solution. Finally the current efficiency is 82.87% by calculating the mass decrement of nickel board during the experiment. 
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The Cyclic Voltammogram Behaviors of Welded X８０ Pipeline in Yingtan Simulated Soil Solution
CHEN Xu, WU Ming, HE Chuan, WANG Cheng-xiang
2010, 23 (3): 62-67. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.015
Abstract ( 814 ) PDF ( 1212KB ) ( 524 ) 　　
Cyclic voltammetry was used to comprehensively investigate the fundamentals of the electrochemical corrosion reactions occurring at the steel／solution interface in Yingtan soil simulated solution． The interrelation between anode polarization and the cathodic hydrogen evolution was studied by changing the sweep rate， the upper potential limit，ions concentration and gas conditions．The results show that the electronically behaviors of X80 steel are irreversible charge transfer process．There is no stable oxide film formed on the steel surface． The anode polarization and cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction are enhanced by the corrosive ions in the solution ．The hydrogen evolution was catalyzed by the stable deposition film which generated during the anode polarizing．The introduction of oxygen could form a stable oxide film，which weakened the
catalysis to the hydrogen evolution．The stress corrosion cracking sensitivity of the welded metal is increased by CO_２ introduced to the solution．
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Critical Load and Cracking Angle for Flat Indentation  
XIE Yu-jun, WANG Wei, WANG Xiao-hua, CAI Yong-mei
2010, 23 (3): 68-71. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.016
Abstract ( 881 ) PDF ( 596KB ) ( 741 ) 　　
The indentation fracture can be used widely in the areas including rock breakage and test of fracture toughness of materials．When an elastic half － plane substrate is subject to indentations by a rigid，flat － ended punch，a singular stress field and K － dominant region should arise adjacent to the punch edges．When the intensification of such singular stress fields reaches its critical value，fracture will take place on the surface of the contact boundary．The cracking of indentation is a new type of fracture problem．By using the energy release rate of boundary translation the fracture of indentation has been formulized and
critical load and critical cracking angle of the indentation have been found in the present paper．
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SEM Analysis of Ash Deposition in Ceramic Filter Support Body
CHI Hua-chang,JI Zhong-li,SUN Dong-mei
2010, 23 (3): 72-78. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.017
Abstract ( 988 ) PDF ( 1264KB ) ( 864 ) 　　
Impregnating with the embedding medium had been successfully used in the SEM analysis of ceramic filter support body．The porosity ，pore diameter，ceramic grain diameter，ash deposition amount and other microstructure parameters of the support body could be measured and calculated without changing its structure by using this method．The verification results of mercury － injection apparatus and X － ray diffractometer （XRD） show that the calculation results are accurate and reliable．The SEM analysis results show that although the same size grains are used ， the pore diameters in the support body are very different due to the irregular shape and the random packing of the ceramic grains．Then， the local velocity and ash concentration distribute non － uniformly in the support body while the ceramic filter is used，which should result in the ash accumulating in the body and the resistance increasing．With the pulse cleaning cycle increasing，ash deposition in the filter support body has shown an aggravation tendency and extends towards its inside．
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Effect of Ag on Microstructure and Property of Sn －9Zn Solder
WANG Yan, LUAN Jiang-feng, WU Min, DING Qi-min
2010, 23 (3): 79-82. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.018
Abstract ( 965 ) PDF ( 613KB ) ( 604 ) 　　
Effect of Ag on microstructure， melting point， microhardness and corrosion resistance of Sn － 9Zn solder was researched by adding elements Ag to the solder through experiment．The results show that by adding element Ag to the Sn－9Zn alloy solder， its microstructure and mechanical properties are remarkably improved． Ag and Zn can form the AgZn₃ compound ，the form action of the large needle － like Zn phase is refined and radiating outward at the same time．Furthermore it has a good performance in the dispersion strengthened of alloy matrix．The melted point is increased 2 ℃．The wettability is raised 20%．The average microhardness can be enhanced 10.02%．The corrosion potential is noticeably raised and close to Sn－37Pb．The corrosion － resistance is obviously reinforced．
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Structure and Flow of Guide Plate Distributor of Plate Air － Cooled Cooler
ZHANG Su-xiang， YANG Xue-feng, SUN Tie 
2010, 23 (3): 83-85. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.019
Abstract ( 918 ) PDF ( 406KB ) ( 469 ) 　　
The structure design method of the guide plate distributor was put forward and the design method wasmathematically described ，then deduced the formula of pressure reduction ，flow pattern in the distributor was simulated by CFX ．The inlet fluid field show a uniform distribution． These have some importance to fundamental thought of distributer optimum design and formular reduction of pressure on the distributor design ．
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Finite Element Analysis of Extruded Reducing Tee
SU Hou-de,FENG Yu-jie,FAN Jian-ling
2010, 23 (3): 86-89. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.020
Abstract ( 881 ) PDF ( 769KB ) ( 610 ) 　　
The calculation and analysis for extruded reducing tees subjected to internal pressure were carried out using ANSYS software．The stress distributions law about the tee were obtained， and verified in combination with the corresponding references．The results show that the fillet radiuses have apparent effects on the tee strength ．A high stress concentration crops up in the corner，and a quadratic curve relation between the maximum stress and inner radius appears when the outer radius was given． Based on the results and related documents， empirical correlation for calculating the maximum stress of the extruded tee is put forward ．
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Mixed Oil Influence Analysis in the Product Pipeline Network Optimal Design
FU Xiao-dong,WANG Yue,FU Ji-qang,WANG Ai-ping
2010, 23 (3): 90-93. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.021
Abstract ( 915 ) PDF ( 219KB ) ( 513 ) 　　
Considered that the mixed oil would be produced in the batch transportation of the product oil pipeline, the highest revenue in the life cycle as the objective function, the diameter and the wall thickness as the decision variables, a product pipeline network optimization model was set up. The calculation formula based on diffusion theory and empirical formula were used to calculate mixed oil quantity. And the genetic algorithm was used to solve the model. The results show that the design of mixed oil costs account for 3% to 10%, and it’s related to the factors as the transportation batches per year, the number of species transported in each batch and the cost on management of oil mixture per unit volume. Generally mixed oil loss can’t be ignored, and the weight coefficient method can be used for a variety of design options. Using different formulation often got different result, so in practical engineering projects the closest formulation can be chosen to calculate.v
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Analysis and Improvement on Choudhury’s Stiction Model of Pneumatic Control Valve  
CONG Yu, WANG Shu-qing,XIE Lei
2010, 23 (3): 94-100. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.03.022
Abstract ( 941 ) PDF ( 2166KB ) ( 509 ) 　　
Choudhury’s model was widely used in the pneumatic control valve stiction research ．Based on the analysis and discussion for Choudhury’s model ，the results show that the improved Choudhury describes the characteristics of valve stiction better ．Then ，the identification results of stiction parameters （S ， J） were given by using the Choudhury’ s model and the improved Choudhury’s model ．The results show that the error rates of identification used by the improved Choudhury’s model are all below 5%，while the error rates of identification used by the Choudhury’ s model are over5%． The validity of the
proposed method is illustrated through industrial examples．
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