The Chemical Mechanism of Heavy Oil Viscosity Reduction in Carbon Dioxide Flooding
ZHANG Long-li,WANG Shan-tang,YANG Guo-hua,et al
2011, 24 (2): 1-5. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.001
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 243KB ) ( ) 　　
In order to understand the mechanism of heavy oil viscosity reduction in CO₂ flooding, the solubility of carbon dioxide in heavy oil was determined under different pressure, and the effect on heavy oil chemical composition of CO₂ processing was analyzed. Furthermore, the differences between the extracted oil processed by supercritical CO₂ and the heavy oil were analyzed. The result shows that CO₂ doesn't change the chemical composition of heavy oil, although its solubility is high in heavy oil, it can get to 105 kg/m³. During supercritical CO₂ extraction, saturates have higher solubility in supercritical CO₂ than resins and asphaltenes. Then the colloidal structure of heavy oil was destroyed during supercritical CO₂ extraction. The viscosity reduction mainly came from the dilution effect of soluble CO₂. But the supercritical CO₂ replaced the small molecules in solvation layer of asphaltene colloids, and reduced the volume of dispersing phase, which also decreased the viscosity.
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Phase Transformation of Nano-TiO2 Prepared by Sol-Gel Method
ZHANG Jing, YAN Song
2011, 24 (2): 6-9. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.002
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 298KB ) ( ) 　　
TiO₂ nanoparticle was prepared by sol-gel method using Ti(OBu)₄ as precursor. Phase transformation of TiO₂ from anatase to rutile was studied by UV Raman spectroscopy, visible Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results from visible Raman spectroscopy are in good agreement with those of XRD patterns. It was observed that anatase in the bulk region starts to change into rutile at 600 ℃. However, from UV Raman spectra, the anatase in the surface region transformed into the rutile phase until the calcination temperature was up to 765 ℃. The inconsistency in the results from the above three techniques suggests that the anatase phase of TiO₂ at surface region can remain at relatively higher calcination temperatures than that in bulk during the phase transformation. It was suggested that the rutile phase starts to form at the interfaces between the anatase particles of the agglomerated TiO₂ particles.
 
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The Acidity of RTH Structure by the Density Functional Theory
PENG Xi-lai, GUI Jian-zhou, LIU Dan,et al
2011, 24 (2): 10-13. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.003
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 224KB ) ( ) 　　
The acidity of zeolite with RTH structure had been studied using the density functional theory generalized gradient approximation(GGA) method for the first time. The Al substitution energy of four different T sites and the deprotonation energies of sixteen different Brnsted acid sites were calculated to found the preferred Al substitution energy and acidic strength of different B acid sites. The results show that T4, locating in the opening (0.56 nm×0.25 nm) of 8-membered ring, is the most favorable T site for Al substitution in the RTH structure. With considerations on both structure and acidity, Al₄-O₉(H)-Si₂ and Al₄-O₁₆(H)-Si₄, locating in the intersection part of the two 8-membered ring channel, show stronger Brnsted acidity and are the most possible active sites for acid catalytic reaction.
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Characterization and Pyrolysis Mechanism of Polyphenoxyphosphazene
LIU Jian-wei,YANG Ming-shan,WANG Li
2011, 24 (2): 14-17. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.004
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 339KB ) ( ) 　　
Polyphenoxyphosphazene(PPP) was prepared from nucleophilic substitute reaction poly-(dichlorophosphazene)，which was synthesized by thermal ring-open polymerization through hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene. The structure and property of PPP were analyzed by FT-IR, NMR, TGA. Pyrolysis mechanism of PPP was discussed by pyrolysis gas chromatography-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results show that PPP has good heat resistance and has different thermal decomposition mode in high temperature, the side groups fracture at 400 ℃, main chain fracture above 500 ℃.
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Preparation of CuO-SnO₂ Gas Sensor and Its Sensitive Effect
FAN Wen-yu,LI Xiao-chao, WANG Li,YAO Hui,JIN Biao
2011, 24 (2): 18-21. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.005
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 372KB ) ( ) 　　
The CuO doped SnO₂ nanocrystalline powders were prepared by the Sol-Gel method, which were used to manufacture gas sensors with good gas-sensing characterization. Treatment at different temperature was investigated. The gas sensitive effect on gas had been measured to the powders which had different concentrations. The results show that the prepared nano-sized powders have large specific surface area, high surface activation and  the rational annealing temperature is 650 ℃,SnO₂ gas sensors doped 4%(molar fraction) CuO have high sensitivity and high selectivity especially for greenhouse gas CO₂.  
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Treatment of Acrylic Fiber Wastewater Using Nanofiltration
HOU Ya-hui，ZHANG Hong-lin，LI Chang-bo,et al
2011, 24 (2): 22-25. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.006
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 239KB ) ( ) 　　
The nanofiltration (NF) membrane was used in the advanced treatment of acrylic fiber wastewater. The COD and NH3-N removal efficiency, salt rejection and color removal ratio of the further treatment by NF were investigated. The influences of different operating pressures and operating time on permeate flux were also examined experimentally. The results indicate that the rejection ratio of COD and NH3-N are higher than 96% and 95% respectively. The salt rejection ratio is higher than 94.5% and color removal efficiency is up to 100%.The experimental results prove that the permeate flux of NF increases with operating pressure and decreases with operating time. The efficiency of NF is best when the operating pressure was 0.6 MPa. The effluent quality complies to national discharge standard and meets recovery criteria.
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Controlled/Living RadicalPolymerization of Acrylamidein Aqueous Media by ATRP
AN Hui-yong,SONG Chun-lei
2011, 24 (2): 26-30. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.007
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 260KB ) ( ) 　　
Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of acrylamide was carried out in aqueous solution at 50 ℃ using water soluble initiator 2-chloropropionamide and CuCl/CuCl2/tris(2-dimethyl/aminoethyl)amine (Me6TREN) as the catalytic system. The results show that the polymerization can reach higher conversion (86%). Furthermore, the molecular weight increases with increment of the conversion, and the molecular weight polydispersity index (PDI) of the polymers is low (about 1.10). Finally, the living character of the polymerization is confirmed by chain-extension experiments. 
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Selective Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol Using Dodecatungstophosphate as Catalyst
YANG Shuang, GUI Jian-zhou, LIU Dan,PENG Xi-lai,et al
2011, 24 (2): 31-34. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.008
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 337KB ) ( ) 　　
Three dodecatungstophosphates were prepared from 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-(3-sulfonic group) propyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-(3-sulfonic group) propyl pyridinium and 12-tungstophosphoric acid. The IR and XRD results of three dodecatungstophosphates demonstrated that all of them contain typical heteropolyanions. Selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol to benzaldehyde with 30%(mass fraction) H2O2 as oxidant was carried out in the absence of organic solvents, phase-transfer catalysts and additives. Effects of different catalysts were studied and reaction conditions were optimized. It is found that 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dodecatungstophosphates ［Bmim］3PW12O40 exhibited better catalytic performance. Under [KG*4]the [KG*4]optimal [KG*4]reaction [KG*4]conditions(benzyl [KG*4]alcohol 10 mmol, hydrogen [KG*4]peroxide 30 mmol, catalyst 0.05 mmol, reaction temperature 85 ℃, reaction time 3 h), the conversion of benzyl alcohol was 79.6% and the selectivity of benzaldehyde could reach 95.6%. The catalysts are also proven to have good recycling capability. 
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Synthesis of Cyclohexanone Glyceryl Ketal Using Carbon-Based Solid Acid as Catalyst
GAO Wen-yi, ZHANG Xiao-li, REN Li-guo
2011, 24 (2): 35-39. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.009
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 293KB ) ( ) 　　
Amorphous carbon material prepared from expanded starch and p-toluene sulfonic acid had been examined as a novel strong solid acid catalyst. The catalytic performances were studied on condensation of cyclohexanone with glycerol and characterized by XRD, IR,elementary analysis and TGA.The effects of molar ratio of glycerol with cyclohexanone, catalyst concentration and reaction time were discussed. The results of XRD and acid-base titration indicate the incompletely carbonization of the mixtures of expanded starch and p-toluene sulfonic acid results in amorphous carbon consisting of small polycyclic aromatic carbon sheets with high density of -SO3H groups. When the condensation reaction was carried out with n(glycerol)/n(cyclohexanone)1.2, mass fraction of catalyst 10%, cyclohexane 15 mL（Accounts for 10% of the total amount of liquid reactant ） and refluxe time of 120 min，the maximum yield of ketals is 99.2％. There was very little change in the catalytic activity of the regenerated catalyst，even after eight cycles. 
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Density Functional Theory Study of Perovskite With Electronic Structure
XU Ming,SUN Zhao-lin,CHEN Yong-chang,et al
2011, 24 (2): 40-42. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.010
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 318KB ) ( ) 　　
Density functional theory(DFT) calculations were carried out for the stability optimization of K₂ Ti₂O₅ . Band structure and density states with other ground states physical properties of the perovskite system were calculated. The results show that K₂ Ti₂O₅  is indirect insulator oxides and the theoretical band gap width is 2.6 eV. Ti atom is in the center of the oxygen atom, the d orbital splits for the higher energy eg orbit and the lower energy t2g orbit, the orbits are close to the Fermi level becomes occupied or semi-occupied state, which plays an important role for Ti atoms with the catalytic Performance. Analysed each orbit of K₂ Ti₂O₅ with electron transfer order to the synthesis of K₂ Ti₂O₅  provides some theoretical guidance.
 
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Comprehensive Evaluation of Longkou Shale Oil
HOU Dan-dan, LI Dan-dong,SHI Wei-wei
2011, 24 (2): 43-46. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.011
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 155KB ) ( ) 　　
The properties of shale oil from Longkou were evaluated comprehensively. The result show that Longkou shale oil is a medium, low-sulphur, high-nitrogen and intermediate base crude oil according to the method of natural oil classify. TBP distillation of Longkou shale oil shows that the gasoline fraction(<200℃) rate is 1.71%, the diesel oil fraction(200～350 ℃) rate is 44.16％, the wax fraction (350~425 ℃) rate is 20.32%, the residual oil fraction (above 425 ℃) rate is 33.81%.
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Preparation of High Purity Cyclopentadiene by the Depolymerization of Dicyclopentadiene
LU Qi， LI Qi， QIAO Qing-dong
2011, 24 (2): 47-49. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.012
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 221KB ) ( ) 　　
The high purity cyclopentadiene(CPD) was prepared by using industrial raw dicyclopentadiene(DCPD). The raw materials and cyclopentadiene obtained by the depolymerization of dicyclopentadiene were analyzed by gas chromatography with SE-30 quartz capillary column. The raw material was purified, then was carried out thermal dimerization at 120 ℃ and depolymerization at 175~180 ℃. The purity of cyclopentadiene obtained by this way is more than 99%. Cyclopentadiene is very easy to polymerize and the purity of it after long time decreases remarkably, so it must be used as soon as.
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Inclusion Complexes of B-Cyclodextrin With Carbofuran
ZHANG Ying, CUI Wei, CHENG Qing-hong, ZHOU Xiao-ting
2011, 24 (2): 50-53. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.013
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 278KB ) ( ) 　　
The inclusion compounds of carbofuran with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) were prepared by kneading method and aqueous-solution method. The properties of the compound were investigated by FT-IR spectra, UV-vis spectra and Fluorescence spectra. The solubility of carbofuran in aqueous solution increased in the presence of β-cyclodextrin due to complex using UV-spectrophotometric measurements. The results show that 1∶1 inclusion complexes are formed between β-CD and carbofuran. The intrinsic fluorescence of carbofuran can be enhanced by β-CD. The binding constants are obtained according to the Stern-Volmer equation. The corresponding thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔG and ΔS are calculated. Their values suggested that enthalpy and entropy are the main driving force for the inclusion reaction.
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Laboratorg Trail Study on NMP Refining of High-Viscosity VGO
LI Xiao-ou,ZHANG De-ning,LI Dong-sheng
2011, 24 (2): 54-57. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.014
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 254KB ) ( ) 　　
Single stage refining of high-viscosity lubricating oil using N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was carried out. The suitable operating conditions of the NMP refining were determined by orthogonal test and mathematical ways. On this basis, a simulate-three-stage extraction and dewaxing tests of NMP were done. The results show that the operation conditions of NMP anhydrous extraction are [KG*4]as follows: extracting [KG*4]temperature 87 ℃, the [KG*4]volume [KG*4]ratio [KG*4]of [KG*4]solvent to oil is 0.75. Under same conditions, NMP anhydrous single-stage extraction are as follows: the yield of refined oil is 90.1%, the refractive index is 1.464 5 at 60 ℃. NMP anhydrous simulate-three-stage extraction are as follows: the yield of refined oil is 90%, the refractive index is 1.462 2 at 60 ℃. Volume fraction of water 1.5% of extraction suitable operating conditions are as follows: extracting temperature 88.5 ℃, the volume ratio of solvent to oil is 1.38.Under same conditions, NMP single-stage extraction are as follows: the yield of refined oil is 87.7%, the refractive index is 1.463 1;NMP simulate-three-stage extraction are as follows: the yield of refined oil is 87%, the refractive index is 1.461 0 at 60 ℃. From refractive index changes to know that the effect of simulate-three-stage test is better than single-stage extraction test.  
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Selective oxidation of Cyclohexane Catalysis in SBA-15
ZHANG Xiao-tong, ZHANG Fan, GAO Xiang, et al
2011, 24 (2): 58-61. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.015
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 299KB ) ( ) 　　
Au/SBA-15, Au-Ni/SBA-15, Au-Co/SBA-15 catalyst were prepared by in situ synthesis and deposition synthesis, and the crystal structure and metal dispersion were characterized by XRD, TEM-EDS and other means. In the condition of absence of any organic solvents or additives, air was used as the oxidant to oxidize cyclohexane selectively, and catalytic properties were evaluated in this reaction. It is found that good synergistic effect exists in the two-metal catalysts for selective oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol, which can greatly increase the catalytic activity. The conversion rate of cyclohexane is 22.1%, and the total selectivity of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone is 95.1%, when Au-Co/SBA-15 was used as the catalyst in the condition of 3 MPa, 423 K and 2 hours.
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Treatment of Marble Processing Wastewaters by Ceramic Micro-Filtration Membrane  
JIN Shan， SUN Jie
2011, 24 (2): 62-65. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.016
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 257KB ) ( ) 　　
Treatment of marble processing wastewaters by ceramic micro-filtration membrane with pore size of 0.8 μm was performed. The effects of the transmembrane pressure and crossflow velocity on the MF performance were investigated. The experimental results show that the feasible transmembrane pressure is 0.07 MPa and crossflow velocity 1.0 m/s. The solid rejections of the permeate samples were from 99.2% to 99.8%. The MF process has no remarkable effect on the wastewater pH and COD, the membrane flux remained constant throughout the experiment, the average value is 400 L/(m2·h). The flux was remarkable decline when the solid concentration of feed liquid is over 55 g/L. The membrane flux can be recovered completely after cleaned by the water with 20 minutes and nitric acid solution （volume fraction 1%）with 30 minutes. The MF process allowed the treated water to be recycled into the process, whereas the concentrated stream (rich in particulate matter) turned into sedimentation pool.
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Analysis of Viscosity-Temperature Characteristics and Rheology Behavior for Heavy Oil
ZHU Jing,LI Chuan-xian,XIN Pei-gang
2011, 24 (2): 66-68. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.017
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 229KB ) ( ) 　　
Viscosity-temperature characteristics and rheology behavior for heavy oil were measured and researched by using RS75 rotary viscosimeter. The results show that viscosity-temperature characteristics are according with Arrhenius equation in temperature interval (80~20 ℃), viscosity is more sensitive to temperature changes in lower temperature, the activation energy  rises 40% in lower temperature interval （36.5~20.3 ℃）more than in higher temperature interval（80.0~55.9 ℃）, and heavy oil is Newtonian fluid above anomalistic point（35 ℃）, non-newtonian fluid and without thixotropic property below anomalistic point.
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Pretreatment of Coking Gas Oil in Dagang Tianjin
ZHAO Bo,LI Dong-sheng,DAI Yue-ling,et al
2011, 24 (2): 69-72. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.018
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 250KB ) ( ) 　　
In order to study the content of alkaline nitrogen compounds and the oil yield, using complexion to pretreatment of coking gas oil. There were many affecting factors on alkaline nitrogen compounds remove rate and the light oil yield, such as reaction time, reaction temperature, solvent to oil mass ratio and so on. The best experimental condition is defined by regular-crossed trial. The results show that the oil yield is 94.92% [KG*4]and [KG*4]the [KG*4]separation [KG*4]rate [KG*4]of [KG*4]alkaline [KG*4]nitrogen [KG*4]compounds [KG*4]is 85.42% at condition of reaction temperature 59 ℃, solvent to oil mass ratio 0.021, stirring speed 300 r/min, reaction time 15 minutes and settling time 15 minutes.
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Local Corrosion of SECT-Pipeline
WANG Yu-fu,WANG Hong,MA Xiang-li,et al
2011, 24 (2): 73-75. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.019
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 302KB ) ( ) 　　
Skin Electric Corrent Tracing(SECT) was the main pipeline heating equipment and plays a very important role in the process of super heavy oil transportaton. The perforation and rupture which were caused by the localized corrosion of heating tracer and main pileline welded joints can directly influence the super heavy oil transportation. The phenomenon was occurred in Liaohe oil field Teshi pumping station. The results show that the insulation layer is broken, and the water get into it, thus the local corrosion is formed between the heating tracer and the main pipeline.
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Ultimate Cracking Angle and Critical Load for Flat Initiation
GUAN Sheng-xiang， WANG Xiao-hua
2011, 24 (2): 76-78. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.020
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 197KB ) ( ) 　　
When a frictionless elastic substrate was subject to indentations by the rectangular flat-ended, rigid indenter punch, a plane indentation was generated in the substrate surface. While the indentation boundary near the surface induced singular stress field. The singular stress field of the singularity was equivalent of the crack tip I-type. So that the surface of the indentation fracture plane generated type crack. By using the principle of energy release rate, the indentation cracking ultimate boundary cracking angle, critical cracking load and other related issues were analysised.
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Estimation of Safety Distance for Flammable Pressurized Gas Pipelines
MENG Yi-fei, ZHAO Dong-feng
2011, 24 (2): 79-82. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.021
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 336KB ) ( ) 　　
Jet fire was the most serious accident of pressurized gas pipelines. Weather data of Nanjing and some other cities was taken as an example to study the distribution of wind speed, humidity and air temperature. Distribution functions of all these parameters and relevant coefficients for some cities were brought. Wind direction, leakage area and leakage direction were also analyzed and reasonable distribution functions were supposed. Monte-Carlo method was used to analysis the jet fire hazard of certain pressurized gas pipeline, and the safety distances can be estimated by considering heat radiation damage rules. C#.net was used to develop an analyzing procedure for the jet fire hazard, which was used to estimate the effective distances of a batch of computations pressurized nature gas pipelines with different diameter and internal pressure, and a safety distance confirmation diagram was plotted, the radiation threshold value and the confidence of which were respectively 12.5 kW/m2 and 95％.
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Research on the Performance Influence of the Flow Metering in the Natural Gas Pipeline With the RemitPipe
ZHANG Yong-xue， SHI Zhi-cheng， LIU Chang 
2011, 24 (2): 83-86. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.022
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 317KB ) ( ) 　　
The flow measurement of the natural gas directly influences the economic benefit, which includes development, operation, allotment and the utilization in the industry of the natural gas. Moreover the structure of the pipeline is the main factor for the accuracy of the flow metering. The research on the internal flow field of various kinds of pipe structure with the remit pipe, which were the different inflows and whether equipped with the panel rectifier separately was done with the method of the numerical simulation and the experiment. The results show that the desire length to recover the full development turbulence section in the downstream of the remit pipe is most in the pipe structure with the stagger inlet-outlet and no rectifier. While that in the pipe structure with the opposite inlet-outlet and with a rectifier reaches the least. It can be got that the most appropriate installation site of the flow meter and the design of the pipe structure of the natural gas from the research on the influence pattern of the gas flow field.
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Three-Phase Oil-Air-Water Flow in Horizontal Pipes
GONG Jing, LIU De-sheng
2011, 24 (2): 87-91. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.023
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 439KB ) ( ) 　　
The technology of oil-air-water mixed transportation had been applied in offshore pipelines, so it was very necessary to study the characteristic of three-phase flow. A series of oil-air-water three-phase flow experiments were carried out in a inner diameter of 25.7 mm, horizontal, stainless steel pipe, the focus was to study three-phase flow patterns and oil-water phase inversion. Air, tap water and white mineral oil (20 mPa·s viscosity, 855 kg/m3 density at 20 °C) were used as test fluids. High speed photography was applied to determine flow patterns. Three-phase flow pattern maps on difference of the water volume fracture in the oil-water mixture (water-cut) were plotted, the effects of water-cut on three-phase flow patterns were investigated. The flow pattern maps developed were compared with a theoretical model, and it show that the model provides very close flow pattern predictions from experimental data at low water-cut.
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Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulation on Temperature Field of Crude Oil Pipeline and Products Pipeline Laid in One Ditch
TIAN Na,CHEN Bao-dong,HE Li-min,et al
2011, 24 (2): 92-96. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.02.024
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 389KB ) ( ) 　　
For hot crude oil pipeline, shut down, start-up and operation are based on the soil temperature around the crude pipeline. Only the distribution of the soil temperature was obtained accurately can make sure the pipeline operate safely and avoid condensing the pipeline. In pipelines laid in one ditch, hot crude oil pipeline temperature field was influenced by the cool products pipeline, so the temperature field of pipelines laid in one ditch was different from the single pipeline. On the crude oil pipeline and the products pipeline in China，the three-dimensional temperature field of pipelines laid in one ditch was carried out with the unstructured mesh and standard k-ε model. Comparing the temperature field of pipelines laid in one ditch with the one of single pipeline, the effect of products pipeline on temperature field of crude pipeline was analyzed.
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