Citric acid(CA) as additive, WP catalysts with different molar ratio for citric acid(CA) to WP were prepared by inimpregnation and temperature programmed reduction(TPR) method. The catalysts were characterized by Xdiffraction(XRD), BET surface area, scanning electron microscope(SEM) and thermal gravimetric/differential thermal(TG） methods. The thiophene hydrodesulfurization(HDS) activities of WP catalysts were evaluated through a microhigh press reactor. The results indicate that WP bulk structure is not changed by addition of CA, while the WP crystal particle growth is inhibited and the BET surface area is improved. It is possible that the process of nitrate radical decomposition is moved and the initial temperature and end temperature is deduced by addition of CA and resulting in the active species of WP is well dispersed to the catalysts surface. Catalyst with CA possessed higher thiophene HDS activities. The Cat5 catalyst show the highest HDS activity and it gave HDS conversion of 20.4% higher than that without CA.
Heavy oils of Tarim LG1, Tarim LG2 and Tarim LG3 were separated into four subfractions which are saturate, aromatic, resin and nC7 asphaltene. Average structural parameters of heavy oil and their fractions were analyzed and computed. The results show that in the same condition, the viscosity size, carbon residue value and
asphaltene content in order for all the size is Tarim LG3,Tarim LG1,Tarim LG2. Aromatic carbon rate (fA) is the highest in Tarim LG2，which approaching in Tarim LG1 and Tarim LG2. The condensation index（C.I.） of heavy oils are closely. The same trend of average molecular weight,
CT，HT，fA，CA，RA，RT，RN，CN，C.I.
has the size order which is asphaltene,resin,aromatic,saturate.
The process of succinic acid purifying from product of maleic anhydride hydrogenation was studied. The effects of distillation pressure, temperature and reflux ratio on the process of vacuum distillation were investigated; it also discussed the effects of reaction time and molar ratio of water to succinic anhydride on hydrolysis; meanwhile, the effect of temperature on the crystallization was concerned. The pure succinic acid was acquired through vacuum distillation, hydrolyzation and crystallization. The process conditions of purifying technology of succinic acid were detemined. The results show that the yield of succinic acid is more than 70% and purity of the product can reach 99.5% even more under the conditions of vaccum distillation temperature 75~85 ℃, distillation pressure 200~300 Pa, hydrolysis temperature 100 ℃, molar ratio of water to succinic anhydride 4~5, reaction time 2 h.
The cerium oxide was prepared by complexprecipitation method using ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt as precipitator and complexing agent. The methylene blue was photocatalyzed to degrate by CeO2 as catalyst. The experiment researched the influence of the amount of complexing agent, reaction time and temperature on the cerium oxide. It was characterized by XRD, SEM, UV, IR. The results show that the optimal condition of preparing CeO2 is the mole ratio of ceric sulfate and complexing agent is 1∶3, reaction time is 1 h, temperature is 60 ℃. The high purity and crystalline cerium oxide was prepared by complexprecipitation method. The experiment researched photocatalytic activity of CeO2 and discussed the effect of catalyst dosage, hydrogen peroxide, pH, time on degrading methylene blue. The results show that the optimal condition of photocatalysis is catalyst dosage is 20 mg，the amount of hydrogen peroxide is 6 mL, pH was 6, the photocatalytic time is 120 min in the 100 mL solution of methylene blue.
The adsorptiondesorption isotherms of thiophene and benzene in the NiY and NiY/Beta zeolites, prepared by liquid phase ion exchange, have been investigated by an intelligent gravimetric analyzer (IGA) and the diffusion coefficients were also calculated. Properties of selective adsorptive desulfurization of FCC gasoline on the zeolites were evaluated by a fixedbed adsorption experiment. The results show that the NiY/Beta zeolites remain the microporous structure. The saturated adsorption amount of thiophene is larger than that of benzene and so it is to the diffusion coefficients. The better diffusivity of thiophene inhibits the adsorption of benzene, resulting in the absorption desulfurization capability of the NiY/Beta zeolites improved.
The alkaline treatment of ZSM5 zeolite with NaOH solution, received the hierarchical porous ZSM5 zeolite, Zn and La by coimpregnation method of loading in the alkali treatment of the modified ZSM5 zeolite, the ZSM5 molecular sieves were characterized by XRD, BET，SEM and NH3TPD. The reaction of methanol aromatization was investigated in a fixed bed reactor. The results show that after alkali treatment modified ZSM5 zeolite had a pore size increased and the acidity distribution was changed; ZnLa/HZSM5 zeolite had the better catalytic, Zn and La with the load capacity of each of 0.5%, the reaction temperature was 475 ℃, the reaction pressure was 0.6 MPa, LHSV was 0.8 h-1, the yield of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene and xylene) up to 32.3%.
The Prins condensation intrinsic kinetics of formaldehyde with isopentene was studied with the strong acidic cationexchange resin as catalyst. The formaldehyde react with isopentene under 2.0 MPa of N2 pressure and at 333～373 K in a batch reactor. The kinetic model was put forward with a reasonable assumption. The kinetics parameters were obtained using nonlinear regression methods. The results show that the positive reaction rate constant and the reverse reaction rate constant are both increased when the reaction temperature increasing. The activation energy is determined as 31.74 kJ/mol for the positive reaction and 85.04 kJ/mol for the reverse reaction. The preexponential factors of the positive reaction and the reverse reaction is respectively 6.866×103 and 3.75×1010; the kinetic model is simulated.
Environmental plasticizer di(2ethylhexyl) 1,2cyclohexane dicarboxylate was synthesized through esterification reaction of 1,2cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid (CHDA) with isooctanol using concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst. Effects of reaction time, ratio of alcohol to acid and temperature on esterification rate were investigated. Under optimal reaction conditions: 6 h, 170 ℃, n(alcohol)/n(acid) = 2.5∶1, esterification rate and yield mount to 99.5% and 95%, respectively. The product was colorless transparent oily liquid. In the 1HNMR spectra, the multiplet for the —COOCH2 appeared at δ＝40. IR spectra exhibited υ(C[CDS1]O) band at 1 735 cm-1. The results demonstrate the target product was synthesized. TG curve shows
that initial temperature
was 215 ℃. Also, a method for qualitative analysis was established, the retention time of the product were 14310 min and 14.505 min, which can separate from DOP effectively.
The formation mineral composition, micro structure and physicalchemical properties of representative shale samples of deep complex shale formation in Yuguo area of Tuha oilfield were analyzed by Xray diffraction, Scanning Electron Microscope, swelling and dispersion tests, specific surface area capacity measurement, specific water capacity and other experimental methods the mechanisms of wellbore instability in deep complex formation were made clear. A three cooperation principle for stabilizing wellbore by improving the performance of drilling fluid was put forward. This method includes the technologies of sealing and consolidating side wellbore physicchemically, enhancing inhibition against hydration and providing the effective stress support of reasonable drilling fluid density. The responding antisloughing drilling fluid which is suitable to deep complex formation in Yuguo area was developed by selecting all kinds of additives and optimized formulation. The site trial indicates that this drilling fluid has great capacity to antisloughing and sealing layer. The drilling fluid is easy to manage and maintain. Using this drilling fluid can improve drilling velocity and save drilling cost.
The significant formation and aggregation of hydrates would lead to blockage of BOP stacks during deepwater drilling. The process of gas hydrate formations in the presence of common additives used in deepwater drilling fluids were investigated in the simulating condition of deepwater by utilization of a simulating device. The hydrate inhibition properties of additives were analysed according to the time of significant hydrate formation. The results show that polyglycol(SD301) could delay the significant hydrate formation noticeably, and it performed better than kinetic hydrate inhibitor(PVCap). Polyanionic cellulosic polymer(PACLV), biopolymer(XC), carboxymethyl cellulose(CMCLV) and kinetic hydrate inhibitor(PVP) could also control the hydrate formation to some extent. While the inhibitions of partially hydrolyzedpolyacrylamide(PLUS), polyamine(SDJA) and sulfomethal phenolaldehy resin(SD102) could be ignored.
The sedimentary environment of H oil fields in Daqing is complicated, and the data of well logs are limited, so it is hard to use faciescontrolled modeling to predict the heterogeneity of the layers between wells. Using the data of the digital phase for micro layer and the geological research results as the constraint conditions，analyzing statistical regression of multiple phase permeability variation curves of the channels, the permeability ratio relations between edge and middle of the channel
are definited. The results show that: in contact with a different deposition, the permeability in channel edge is about 0.2～04 times as high as the center channel. The results can be used as a constraint condition in faciescontrolled modeling process. The properties of the spatial distribution of reservoir parameter heterogeneity characterization accuracy and conformity can also be improved.
The frother type, concentration, compressive strength, resistance to temperature, salt, antioil performance and high and low permeability double tube displacement for foam flooding on Hejian Dongying reservoir were studied. The results show that the best foam system screened out by the Waring Blender is W101 that the concentration of 0.1%; when a pressure of 0.1 MPa to 15 MPa, foaming and foam halflife volume increases as the pressure increases, but the pressure of 5 MPa or higher, the pressure on play a little influence on foaming ability and stability of foam; with the increase of temperature, the foaming ability of the frother solution of W101 first increases then decreases, and foam stability of it decreases gradually; when the salinity was 2 500 mg/L to 10 000 mg/L, with increasing salinity, the frother W101 of the foaming ability gradually decreases, foam stability decreased first and then increased slightly; the greater oil ratio of the frother W101, foaming ability and foam stability is poorer. High and low permeability double tube displacement experiments show that foam can effectively plugging high permeability tube, enlarge the swept volume of low permeability tube,
the inlet pressure force from the water flooding of 0.3 MPa litre to air bubbles flooding of 1.8 MPa,
low permeability tube to improve oil recovery 16.89%, hypertonic tube to improve recovery efficiency 9.30%, comprehensive recovery increased by 12.3%.
The wetting properties of quartz surface by adsorption films formed by cationic surfactants hexadecylglycidyl ether ammonium chloride and zwitterionic surfactants hexadecylglycidyl ether glycine betaine with different structures were investigated using the sessile drop analysis. The influence of different electrolytes was expounded. The results show that cationic surfactant molecules can form a monolayer on quartz surface through electrostatic interaction, which leads to higher values during low bulk concentrations. However, the contact angle decreases sharply due to the formation of bilayer film through hydrophobic interaction. The zwitterionic surfactants adsorb on quartz surface through weak Lifshitzvan der Waals interaction and the contact angle passes through a maximum with the increasing bulk concentration. Moreover, zwitterionic surfactant with larger molecular size is difficult to form bilayer structure. The addition of electrolytes shows little influence on zwitterionic surfactant systems, but reduces contact angles of cationic surfactant systems obviously.
Material improvement for SINOPEC four CD/VD units was to accommodate blending high naphthenic acid crude oils in 2007，and corrosion monitoring of the refinery units was carried out once a month for one year. Some regularity and characteristics in refining high acid crude oils containing sulphur were introduced, then the corrosion rates of some common materials in different operating conditions were analyzed and calculated by means of yearlong monitoring data，and compared with the Appendix Gthinning technical module of API publication 581 standard. The analytical results of corrosion monitoring data could provide advices and references for the following material improvement and the material selection of new plant design.
Considering the diameter of diagonal cable, the height of tower and the connection distant of diagonal and tower, the optimizing analysis was done for the structural form of pipeline crossing diagonal cable type structure by the finiteelement method. The results show that the change in diameter of diagonal cable little influences the strength of structure, but largely influences the deformation of structure. The distribution form of the diameters of diagonal cable which gradually reduce from middle to both ends of the pipe bridge is best. The change in height of tower little influences the deformation of structure, but largely influences the strength of structure. The strength of structure is best when the height of tower was 46 m. The change in connection distant of diagonal and tower little influences the deformation of structure, but largely influences the strength of structure. The strength of structure is best when the connection distant was 7.5×10-2 m.
Based on the modern damage mechanics research，aiming at the gas drilling string frequent fracture failure，the drill string damage evolution process was analyzed. The gas drilling damage fatigue life prediction model of the drill string was established. The gas drill string damage fatigue life model was the main factors influencing the fatigue life of drill string. And damage gradient was introduced to explore the relationship among axial load, injury tolerance and strain. According to the theory and case analysis, the relationship between injury tolerance and strain is going through a change from space period to quasi periodic with the axial load increasing. Meanwhile, damage localization occurs that lead to drill string fatigue failure.
The process of generating the freeze wall was simulated by a numerical method. The energy conservation equation to describe the heat transfer of oil shale and water was established, including the freezing of water. The configuration of the freeze wall was designed. The temperature decrease of the rock near the freeze well was calculated, and the temperature profiles were presented. As the freezing time passed, temperature variation of the underground oil shale was simulated numerically. The numerical results show that the frozen wall will be generated after 180 days of freezing. The minimum thickness of the freeze wall is 1.0 m. The results are the important references for determining the scheme of oil shale insitu conversion, and provide reliable data for the environmental assessment.
Aiming at the characteristics of the existence of many heavy oil fields and
oilfields with high moisture content in our country, conducting numerical simulation with the use of VOF multiphase flow model on twophase oilwater flows in horizontal Ttube which are common on gathering pipeline network. Under given conditions, the moisture content in medium heavy oil was 80%, the flow rate was 1.5 m/s, the simulation results show that the twophase oilwater flow belongs to the pattern of oilinwater dispersed flow, the water plays the role of the basic phase and oil as the dispersed phase. The pressure in the trunk pipeline before branch reduces at the linear rate of 300 Pa/m, the pressure increases in the branch section, then decreases linearly with the flow, analyzed the mechanism of pipeline pressure drop in the branch pipeline. The results will play an important role in optimizing network structure, designing reasonable parameters of pipeline, controlling pipeline corrosion and protecting pipelines.
Due to the oilgaswater three phase existing unstable mixing interface, it can produce a variety of flow patterns in different conditions. The oilgaswater three phase in horizontal pipeline flow by numerical simulation of VOF model of multiphase flow was studied, and it gets the phase distribution diagram of oilgaswater three phase in horizontal pipeline flow in different conditions of volume gas fraction, oil fraction, viscosity and velocity. The analysis shows that, during the high watercut period, with the increasing of the volume air fraction, flow patterns develop from the bubble flow to the laminar flow; with the increasing of the mixture velocity, flow patterns develop from the laminar flow to slug flow. Volume air fraction and mixture velocity have a major influence on flow pattern. And volume oil rate and viscosity of crude oil do not. Calculation results are fitted with the related theory, which has some guiding significance for actual engineering.
