Uptake Modes on Three Types of Low Temperature Alkanes-Degrading Microbes
MA Hui-qiang,ZHANG Hong-, LI Shuang
2010, 23 (4): 1-4. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.001
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 585KB ) ( ) 　　
Carbon energy utilization, cell surface hydrophobicity and broth emulsion capability methods were adopted to study uptake modes on three types of low temperature alkanes-degrading microbes, A(Yarrowia sp.), H(Rhodococcus sp.), LD2(Acinetobacter sp.) to assimilate petroleum hydrocarbon. The results show that microbe A and H exhibited good capability to utilize hydrophilic carbon energy, broth OD600 values are 1.85～2.12 and 1.41～1.54 respectively at stale period, and microbes also utilized hydrophobic carbon energy well, broth OD600 values are 0.68～0.80 and 0.63～0.68. Microbe cell surface hydrophobicity reached maximum values at logarithmic growth phase, MATH values are 0.69 and 0.61. Microbes can produce surfactant to make oil layer emulsion and presented large amount of microdroplets suspended in water phase, the maximum height ratio of emulsion layer to total layers are 0.94 and 0.96, so uptake mode on microbe A and H belong to interaction between cell and petroleum microdroplets. Microbe LD2 has poor capability to utilize hydrophilic carbon energy, broth OD600 values are only 0.48～0.58 at stable period, but LD2 [KG*4]utilized [KG*4]hydrophobic [KG*4]carbon [KG*4]energy [KG*4]well, [KG*4]broth OD600 values are 0.78～0.82. Microbe had a higher cell surface hydrophobicity at all growth periods, MATH values are 0.72~0.85, oil layer demonstrated none emulsion, therefore, uptake mode on microbe LD2 belongs to direct contact between cell and petroleum large particles.
Related Articles | Metrics

Structure Changes of Asphaltene in Residue Hydrotreating
SUN Yu-dong,YANG Chao-he,SHAN Hong-hong,SHEN Ben-xian
2010, 23 (4): 5-9. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.002
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 169KB ) ( ) 　　
The asphaltene structure and composition changes pre-and post hydrotreating of residue with different asphaltene contents were researched by 1H-NMR, elemental analysis and molecular weight determination, et al. The results show that the molecular weight, H/C, σ, w(HAU)/ w(C), w(Hα), w(Hβ), w(Hγ) and substituted aromatic-carbon ratio of asphaltene decreased after hydrotreating; but aromatic-carbon ratio, w(HA), protonic aromatic-carbon ratio increased. All above factors show that the condensation degree of asphaltene after hydrotreating is increased and asphaltene is dealkylation in residue hydrotreating. Sulfur in asphaltene decreased but nitrogen increased. The aromatic ring and naphthene ring of hydrotreated asphaltene increase with the increase of asphaltene content in feedstock. The aromatic ring numbers of hydrotreated asphaltene even more than that of original asphaltene. Asphaltene react in the forms of structure units in residue hydrotreating. The reaction mechanism of asphaltene in hydrotreating is free radical reaction and carbonium ion reaction.
Related Articles | Metrics

Adsorption of Organic Components in Gasoline and Diesel Over Modified Y zeolite
MENG Xiu-hong, DUAN Lin-hai， SONG Li-juan, SUN Zhao-lin
2010, 23 (4): 10-14. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.003
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 671KB ) ( ) 　　
CeY, AgY and CuY were prepared by two times of liquid ion-exchange and characterized by XRD, BET and ICP-MS. The isotherms of thiophene, benzene, octane, 1-octene were determined by an intelligent gravimetric analyzer and fitted by Langmuir equation. The results show that the isotherms of thiophene, benzene, octane over NaY, CeY, CuY and AgY at 29 ℃ can be well fitted by Langmuir equation, and the isotherms of 1-octene over NaY, CuY and AgY at 29 ℃ also can be fitted by Langmuir equation, while, the isotherms of 1-octene over CeY at 29 ℃ are deviated from Langmuir equation. 
Related Articles | Metrics

Preparation, Characterization and Solution Propertieson Amphoteric Copolymer of Poly(AM/DAC/AMPS)
AN Hui-yong,ZHANG Chun-jing,SONG Chun-lei
2010, 23 (4): 15-19. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.004
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 622KB ) ( ) 　　
A series of amphoteric copolymers (AM/DAC/AMPS, denominated AMACAS series) by using acrylamide (AM), acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (DAC) and 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) as raw material were prepared by a free radical polymerization in water solution using 2,2'-azobis［2-(2-imidazolin-2-yl)propane］ dihydrochloride as a initiator. The structure of AM/AMPS/DMC were confirmed that the composition of AM/AMPS/DMC accorded with the feed composition by FT-IR and elemental analysis. Solution properties of amphoteric copolymers demonstrate that the viscosity of AMASAC-5-5, which had optimum charge density and similar amount of anions and cations, increased with ［NaCl］ increasing. The viscosity retention rate of AMASAC-5-5 enhanced 45.6% after high temperature ageing. Thus, AMASAC-5-5 possesses salt tolerance and temperature resistance.
Related Articles | Metrics

The Synthesis and Interfacial Tension Determination of Octylphenol Polyoxyrethylene Ether Sulfonate
HE Wei-dong, LI Rui-dong, GE Ji-jiang, ZHANG Gui-cai, LI Na
2010, 23 (4): 20-24. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.005
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 997KB ) ( ) 　　
The OPES-4 was synthesized from octylphenol polyoxyethylated (OP-4), thionyl chloride (SOCl₂) by chlorination and sulfonation, using HPLC and two-phase titration to measure the yield of each step，and optimized the synthesis conditions. The experiment results show that the optimum chlorinated reaction lasted 2 hours at 70 ℃, with pyridine as catalyst, and the yield of sulfonation [KG*4]reached [KG*4]82.6% [KG*4]at [KG*4]the [KG*4]optimum reaction conditions: potassium sulfite/polye thoxychloride (molar ratio) 1.3∶1, reaction temperature 170 ℃, and reaction time 4 h. The chemical structures of the OP-4 and OPES-4 were characterized by IR and 1H-NMR respectively. The dynamic interfacial tension of OPES-4 in different salinities was measured, indicating that the lowest value is 1.5×10^-2 mN/m, at the optimum salinity range 16%~20% NaCl.
Related Articles | Metrics

Catalytic Synthesis of Citral 1,2-Propanediol Acetal on Polyaniline Doped With Stannic Chloride
ZHANG Qing, QIAO Yan-hui, HUANG Gui-lai, WANG Xu-ting
2010, 23 (4): 25-28. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.006
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 245KB ) ( ) 　　
The citral 1,2-propanediol acetal was synthesized from citral, 1,2-propanediol and polyaniline doped with stannic chloride pentahydrate as catalyst. The effects of molar ratio of propanediol to aldehyde, quantity of catalyst , reaction time on the yield of acetalization were more systematically studied and the best reaction conditions were confirmed. The results show that the molar ratio of citral to 1,2-propanediol is 1 : 3, the quantity of catalyst is equal to 2.0% of feed stocks and cyclohexanone is equal to 40%, the reaction time 2.0 h, the yield of citral 1,2-propanediol acetal can reach 94.65%. The yield of citral 1,2-propanediol acetal is 88.39% when catalyst was reused 5 times.
Related Articles | Metrics

Maleic Anhydride Hydrogenated to Succinic Anhydride
CHEN Jian-bing,LIAO Ke-jian,TONG Ming-you,HUO Wen-zhou, Lv Qing-lin
2010, 23 (4): 29-32. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.007
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1175KB ) ( ) 　　
Using the maleic anhydride and hydrogen as raw materials, metal activated carbon as catalyst, catalytic hydrogenation reaction was taken to prepare succinic anhydride. The several conditions such as the mass fraction of maleic anhydride，hydrogen initial pressure，temperature，reaction time and stirring speed, which can influence the hydrogenation reaction were investigated. The results show that under the conditions of hydrogenation solvent，the mass fraction of maleic anhydride 30%,hydrogen pressure 3.0 MPa, catalyst mass fraction 0.5%, reaction temperature 80 ℃,reaction time 3 h, stirring speed of 200~250 r/min,the reaction conversion rate can reach 99% above, succinic anhydride selectivity is greater than 90%,succinic anhydride yield more than 80%.
Related Articles | Metrics

Degradation of Sugarcane Bagasse by Penicillium sp.T24-2 and Hydrogen Production From Bagasse Hydrolysate
MENG Qing-xiang,WU Xiao-bing,CONG Yi-bo,et al
2010, 23 (4): 33-37. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.008
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 707KB ) ( ) 　　
The cellulase production by Penicillium sp. T24-2 and saccharification of sugarcane bagasse were studied by single factor test and orthogonal test. And the character of sugarcane bagasse produced hydrogen by Klebsiella oxytoca HP1 was researched. Single factor test results show that the mass ratio of bagasse to bran, starter material to bagasse, solid material to water and the saccharification time are the main factors affecting the saccharification. By orthogonal test, the optimal mass ratio of bagasse to bran is achieved as 4∶6. For the saccharification, the optimal conditions were obtained as: the mass ratio of starter material to bagasse is 1∶3, the mass ratio of solid material to water is 1∶3. Under above conditions, a saccharification yield of 43.6% after 20 h hydrolysis was obtained. When the saccharification liquid was used for hydrogen production by Klebsiella oxytoca HP1, a yield of 41.0 mL H2/g-bagasse was acquired. The results show that the Penicillium sp. T24-2 is a preferable strain for cellulase production and saccharification of cellulose biomass.
Related Articles | Metrics

Kinetics of Transesterification of Castor Oil to Biodiesel Using NaHSO4·H2O as a Catalyst
JIN Fu-quan， NIU Yu-lan， SHANG Yun-yan，et al
2010, 23 (4): 38-43. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.009
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 724KB ) ( ) 　　
Macrokinetics of transesterification of castor oil with methanol was studied in the presence of NaHSO₄·H₂O catalyst using method of excessive concentration. The relationship between castor oil conversion and reaction time and the relationship between methanol conversion and reaction time were investigated at different temperature.Methyl ester contents in the system at different reaction time were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography.The experimental data were dealt with linear regression method. The results show that reaction order is 1.5 for castor oil and is 0.5 for methanol,and that under the conditions of reaction temperature 303,313,323,333 K,mass ratio of catalyst to oil 5%,agitation speed 600 r/min, the apparent rate constant is 0.003 934,0.005 271,0.006 656,and 0.008 237 dm³/(mol·min) ,respectively, the apparent activation energy is 20.627 kJ/mol and the apparent frequency factor is 14.2806 dm³/(mol·min).The results predicted by the kinetic equition are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Related Articles | Metrics

Oily Sludge Degradation by Land-Farming With a Commercial Inocul
GUAN Yue-ming,ZHANG Zhong-zhi,ZHANG Wei-mu,et al
2010, 23 (4): 44-47. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.010
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 924KB ) ( ) 　　
The two oily sludges that with 9.0% and 10.2% oil content were remediated by using the land-farming method. The results show that after 120 days of biodegradation, the oil content decreased to 3.1% from 9.0% and to 4.0% from 10.2%, petroleum degradation rates can reach 65.6% and 60.8% respectively. The saturated hydrocarbon components and relative content before and after biological treatment were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The long-chain alkanes in 9.0% and 10.2% oil samples are reduced by 39.8% and 42.2% respectively.
Related Articles | Metrics

Conductivity Measurement of Polyanilines With Single Sweep Voltametric Method
LI Qi， QIAO Qing-dong
2010, 23 (4): 48-50. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.011
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 524KB ) ( ) 　　
Using the intrinsic polyaniline and two doped polyanilines as the determined samples prepared in the laboratory, the conductivities were measured by single sweep voltametric method on the potentiostat with two electrodes. The contact electric resistance was influenced by the pressure between the electrode and sample during the measurement, which could be ignored when the pressure was greater than 0.5 MPa. The measured conductivities of the polyaniline samples are 5.92×10^-5, 1.52×10^-2 and 2.68×10^-1 S/cm respectively. The results show that the electric conductivity of the doped polyaniline increased greatly. The voltametric method is not only simple and convenient, but also suitable for the conductivity measurement of semiconductors. 
Related Articles | Metrics

Development of Cyclic Borates Applied in Brake Fluid
LIU Feng, JING Peng, WANG Xiao-lei, CONG Yu-feng,et al
2010, 23 (4): 51-55. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.012
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 999KB ) ( ) 　　
The cyclic borates were synthesized with the equipment attached to the vac pup, the relations between the structures and the boiling points of the borates were investigated, and the effect of the pH value and the structures on the hydrolytic stability was inspected as well. In the same time, the structures of the products were characterized by the IR， and the performance of the products was tested according to the related GB. The results show that the relations between the structures and the boiling point of the 5-membered ring borates with the side chain of tetraethylene glycol alkyl ether of a given polymerization degree as follows: the bigger of the number ratio of carbon to the oxygen, the lower of the boiling point; the large ring borates as follows: the bigger of the number ratio of carbon to the oxygen, the higher of the boiling point. Finally, the products were prepared of which the dry equilibrium reflux boiling point is above 240 ℃, and the conclusion was acquired that the hydrolytic stability of cyclic borates reaches above 96 h when the pH value of the products is around 7 or above. 
Related Articles | Metrics

Enhancing Bounded Reservoir Oil Recovery by Injecting Gas to Increase Energy and Decrease Viscosity
LI Peng-hua,LI Zhao-min,LI Bin-fei,et al
2010, 23 (4): 56-59. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.013
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 884KB ) ( ) 　　
Bounded reservoir produced oil mainly by self-expanding energy, and pressure decreases rapidly. It can increase bounded reservoir pressure and formation expansion ability by injecting CO₂ or flue gas. Injected flue gas, CO2 and heavy oil into a HTHP PVT equipment, and measured it's viscosity and volume factors in the condition 1 MPa to 7 MPa. Simulating heavy oil, after injected flue gas or CO₂ , pressure depleted recovery process by using core huff and puff experiment. Experimental results show the CO₂ and flue gas dissolved in oil can greatly decrease oil viscosity. Oil viscosity, saturated CO₂ , decreased more than 95%, and volume expansion increased 15% in 40 ℃, 7 MPa condition；but in the same condition oil viscosity, saturated flue gas, decreased 38.1%，and volume expansion increased 4.9%. Pressure depletion experiments show the injecting 0.4 PV gas is optimum. It can displace out 57.84% oil by injecting three runs o.4 PV CO₂; and get 43.99% by injecting three runs 0.4 PV flue gas. Oil recovery increases separately 17.31%, 13.29% by injecting 0.4 PV CO₂ or flue gas after water flooding.
Related Articles | Metrics

The Application of New Water Shutoff Technology on Gaoshangpu Oilfield Swallow Area
LI Liang-chuan,LIU Huai-zhu,LI Yi-kun, ZHOU Yan
2010, 23 (4): 60-63. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.014
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 385KB ) ( ) 　　
The shallow reservoir of Gaoshangpu Oilfield was the boundary, natural energy driven reservoir. It had sufficient energy, and interval layer between oil and water layers were thinner. To control basal or bottom water plugging, prolong water-free or low water cut oil production period and keep basal or bottom water flowing evenly, the selective chemical water shutoff technology indoor evaluation test and field pilot test were carried out. The indoor evaluation test indicates the dimensionless ratio of water and oil shutoff is 5.25; the effect of pilot test application of well G104-5P35 is obvious and continuous. The amount of decreasing produced water is 68 000 cubic meter and the amount of increasing oil production is 705 tons，and the amount of water cut decreasing is four percent.
Related Articles | Metrics

Orthogona Test Research of the ZrO2/SiO2 Composite Sol Stability
JIANG Yun-bo, LI Xiao-xia, ZHANG Ke-zheng
2010, 23 (4): 64-67. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.015
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 480KB ) ( ) 　　
ZrO₂/SiO₂ composite sol was prepared by hydrolysis，polycondensation，a certain period time，materials of TEOS,ZrOCl₂·8H₂O,ethanol,water,HCl and additive DMF. The effect of temperature, nZrOCl₂)/n(TEOS), n(H₂O)/n(TEOS),n(DMF)/n(TEOS) and pH on composite sol stability was explored by orthogonal test. It shows the influencing sequence is n(ZrOCl₂)/n(TEOS)>temperature>n(DMF)/n(TEOS)>n(H₂O)/n(TEOS)>pH. The n(ZrOCl₂)/n(TEOS) has greatest influence on sol stability, with the increase ratio the worse sol stability. Temperature and n(DMF)/n(TEOS) impact is secondary，sol stability decreased as increasing temperature，whereas enhanced as increasing content of DMF. In the relatively small water content，n(H₂O)/n(TEOS) is about 9～15, sol stability first increased and then decreased with increasing water. As the pH<7，sol stability increased with greater pH.
Related Articles | Metrics

Theoretical State Equation of CO₂ Foam
WANG Guan-hua, LI Zhao-min, LI Bin-fei, LI Song-yan
2010, 23 (4): 68-72. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.016
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1098KB ) ( ) 　　
Gaining the theoretical state equation of CO₂ foam got by theoretical derivating with considering the solution of CO₂ in water, which has modified the theoretical state equation of  the foam with insoluble gas. The calculating results show that the results of theoretical state equation of CO₂ foam are in line with objective laws, the equation is able to simulate the real state of CO₂ foam. Comparing with the data of experiments show that the theoretical state equation of CO₂ foam is accurate to a certain degree, and it can satisfy the requirements of theoretical analysis and engineer application.
 
Related Articles | Metrics

Structural Optimization of Cross-Shaped Baffler Feeding Distributor
ZHANG Long, QI Hui-min， LI Xin
2010, 23 (4): 73-75. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.017
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 815KB ) ( ) 　　
Using three-dimensional model, the cross-shaped baffler distributor was systematically simulated by CFX fluid mechanics modeling software. The impact of size of upon cover of inner sleeve on degree of uniformity of gas distribution of feeding distributor was emphasized. Meantime, the impact of the number and size of guide plate on performance of entrainment and pressure drop of the distributor was researched. At last, the structural parameters of excellent performanced cross-shaped baffler distributor was confirmed and so as to support direction for structural optimization of the distributor.
Related Articles | Metrics

Calculation Methods of the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of Heated Crude Oil Pipeline Along With Products Pipelines Laidin One Ditch
WU Qi,CHEN Bao-dong,TIAN Na,RAO Xin,et al
2010, 23 (4): 76-79. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.018
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 739KB ) ( ) 　　
For the heated crude oil pipeline, it was a concentrated reflection of heat loss efficiency to determine the overall heat transfer coefficient. After some simplifications and assumptions of crude oil pipeline along with products pipelines laid in one ditch according to the long-distance pipeline thermal conditions on the heat transfer process, with the introduction of conduction shape factor and the using of Newton iteration method, a computer program on the overall transfer coefficient of heated crude oil pipeline along with products pipelines laid in one ditch was established. This program can calculate the total heat transfer coefficient of crude oil pipeline along with products pipelines laid in one ditch considering the soil physical properties, parallel spacing, the crude oil pipeline and products pipeline buried deep and each of the oil temperature. Elements were divided according to the type of different soil of the section from Wulumuqi to Shanshan. Calculated the overall transfer coefficient of the section by using sectioning method and therefore the temperature drops along the line obtained more practically. In addition the accuracy of the method has been tested and verified by the actual data and monitoring data of the SCADA system of the section from Wulumuqi to Shanshan. At the same time the result was contrasted with that of numerical simulation. The influence of different distance between the two pipelines has been analysed.
Related Articles | Metrics

Stainless Steel Filter Felt Hot Ar Air Reflow Brazing Process
LUAN Jiang-feng
2010, 23 (4): 80-84. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.019
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1225KB ) ( ) 　　
 The joint shaping of a filter material--stainless steel filter felt component was studied by the hot Ar air reflow brazing process. The results show that using hot Ar air reflow brazing process to manufacture filter felt component not only has high production efficiency, but the brazing performance between felt layer and vector framework is also excellent with smooth and bright joint appearance and higher strengh. The main factors affecting the mechanical properties of component solder joint are the flow rate of hot Ar air and the pre-plated solder property. In addition, this process is especially suitable for the brazing process of filter components for the filtration of health, food and medical gases using lead-free solder.
Related Articles | Metrics

View Factor Computation for Jet Fire of Any Direction
MENG Yi-fei,ZHAO Dong-feng,LIAO Qi-xia
2010, 23 (4): 85-88. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.020
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 688KB ) ( ) 　　
Tilted frustum of a cone model was proved effective for heat radiation calculation of the jet fire, but due to the complex geometrical shape, the calculation of view factor was very difficult, thus the model had never be widely used. The basic theory of view factor was used to study the view factor computation technology for jet fire of any direction, and the calculation process was divided into two steps, homotactic coordinate conversion and view factor calculation for vertical jet fire. Mathematical formulas for all key parameters of the calculation process were developed by studying the geometrical relationship, and a computation method based on numerical technology was proposed. By sample calculating, the new method is found high-precision and applicable to the view factor computation for jet fire of any direction. 
Related Articles | Metrics

Dynamic Modeling and Simulation of FCCU Reactor-Regenerator System
LI Qi， ZHANG Jing-duan， SHAO Cheng
2010, 23 (4): 89-93. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.021
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 1207KB ) ( ) 　　
Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCCU) is one of the most important processes in a refinery, which converts molecular-weight gas oils into lighter hydrocarbon products. The mechanistic dynamic model was developed for the FCCU reactor-regenerator system，which was composed of the five-lump dynamic mechanism model and the two-stage regenerator model. The Marquardt algorithm was adopted to evaluate model parameters, and fourth order Runge-Kutta method was used for the equations. Axial distribution of lump components in riser and key steady-state variable values were obtained. The results show that the model can describe the products rate with satisfied accuracy and can be used directly for the advanced control and process optimization.
Related Articles | Metrics

Asian Energy-Environment-Economic System Model
KANG Xu-dong,MU Hai-lin,GUI Shu-sen,WU Wei
2010, 23 (4): 94-98. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2010.04.022
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 940KB ) ( ) 　　
Take the China, Japan, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, as the main countries, the rest of the world as an integral region, the study establishes an Asian Energy - Environment - Economy Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) evaluation model. The model time span was from 1995 to 2050. The model was developed to analyze and evaluate different countries' energy supply and consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution under environmental taxes. The energy demand and optimized energy supply programs were projected by the model. The results demonstrate that the economy structure and energy structure will be promoted to adjustment in the collection of environmental taxes. It is proved the effectiveness and feasibility of the introduction of the environmental tax of 0.152×10³ USD/t.
Related Articles | Metrics