Technology of Phaeodactylum Tricornutum to Extract Fatty Acid for the Biodiesel Production
HE Feng, FU Peng-cheng,XU Chun-ming
2011, 24 (1): 1-5. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.001
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 300KB ) ( ) 　　
In order to understand the effect of light，carbon sources and concentration on the phaeodactylum tricornutum, the culture medium containing glucose，acetate and glycerol were chose, the biomass, cell concentration, biochemical substances and fatty acid content were tested. The results show that the phaeodactylum tricornutum  is photoautotroph and mixotroph, which with selectivity for substrate concentration and organic carbon sources, the optimum concentration of glucose is 20 mmol/L, the optimal growth condition in 500 mL flask contains that the temperature is （25±1） ℃, the light intensity is 50 μmol/(m2·s), the pH is 7.5. Whatever the carbon sources are able to promote the biomass accumulation. When the cell concentration achieve to 2.5×106 cells/mL in the evening of the culture, the protein, sugar, chlorophyll and TOL content were analyzed. The biomass accumulation and biomass change in different growth conditions were determined. By ultrasonic extraction and Soxhelt extraction, the total of lipid reaches 20%(dry weight); The fatty acid content and composition with GC-MS were measured, and found the C16∶0 and C16∶1 are 34.8% and 11.9% (mass fraction) respectively, which are more than other components and could be used to extract bio-diesel.
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The Microstructure and Surface Fractal Characters of Montmorillonite Modified by Quaternary Ammonium Salts
ZHENG Guang, GAO Mang-lai,LUO Zhong-xin, LI Xiao-yan
2011, 24 (1): 6-11. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.002
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 389KB ) ( ) 　　
Na-montmorillonite(Na-MMT) was modified by gemini quaternary ammonium salts (MD, DMB) and mono-quaternary ammonium salt (HTMAB) through the intercalation. Changes in the surfaces and microstructure were characterized using N₂ adsorption isotherms, X-ray diffraction(XRD), and fourier transform infared spectrometer(FT-IR). The results show that the BET surface area and the basal spacings of MMT are reduced when modified by MD, DMB or HTMAB, which is contrast to the MMT when modified by the monovalent quaternary ammonium salts with long chain. The quaternary ammonium salts have intercalate into the interlamellar space of montmorillonite and the microstructure has changed. The surface properties change from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. In addition, the fractal dimension(D) of organo-MMT is decreased, that is to say, the porosity distribution is more uniformity. 
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Preparation of Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene to p-Aminophenol Using NiB/C Catalyst
SONG Wei,WANG Wang-yin,ZHANG Yu,et al
2011, 24 (1): 12-17. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.003
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 342KB ) ( ) 　　
Supported amorphous alloy NiB/C was used as catalyst, and zinc sulfate solution was used as acidic medium in the preparation of catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene to p-aminophenol.The effect of reaction temperature, reaction pressure, reaction time, mass of NiB/C catalyst and zinc sulfate on the reaction were studied, the range of reaction conditions of higher selectivity of p-aminophenol was obtained. The better experimental program was determined through the establishment of the orthogonal experiment which has five factors and four levels: reaction temperature is 120 ℃, reaction pressure is 0.1 MPa, reaction time is 3 h, the catalyst addition is 3 g, zinc sulfate addition is 4 g. The results show that the conversion rate of nitrobenzene is 86.78%, the selectivity of p-aminophenol and aniline are 15.62% and 76.02% respectively.
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The Synthesis and Properties of LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries
YANG Zhan-xu, QIAO Qing-dong
2011, 24 (1): 18-20. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.004
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 318KB ) ( ) 　　
LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ cathode material for lithium-ion batteries was prepared from sol-gel method using nitrates and starch as the starting materials. The synthesized material was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling. The XRD data of the product show that the synthesized material are single phases and all the peaks are indexable to the layered α-NaFeO₂ structure. The synthesized LiNi_0.8Co_0.2O₂ presents a narrow distribution of small particles and exhibits a good electrochemical property with initial discharge specific capacity of 183.1 mAh/g and the discharge specific capacity of 171.3 mAh/g after 50 cycles in the voltage range 2.75~4.50 V (versus Li+/Li) at a constant current density of 0.2 mA/cm2.
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Influence of Reactive Conditions on n-Heptane Isomerization Products Over Mo2C/HB Catalys
CHANG Yong, WANG Hai-yan,ZHU Jing
2011, 24 (1): 21-25. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.005
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 379KB ) ( ) 　　
Molybdenum carbide supported on Hβ zeolite catalysts were prepared by the method of temperature programmed reduction used the n-pentane as a carburizing agent and characterized by XRD. Isomerization of n-heptane over the Hβ zeolite supported molybdenum carbide catalysts was carried out in a fixed bed. Effects of reaction parameters on the products distribution were investigated and the mechanism of n-heptane isomerization was discussed.The results show that isomerization of n-heptane is according to dimerization cracking mechanism and metal cyclobutane mechanism. Major isomerized products of n-heptane are methylhexanes. Simultaneously, dimethyl pentanes, cycloparaffins and some cracked products are produced. The reaction temperature do not influence the isomerization to methylhexane obviously in 533～553 K, but increased temperature can promote the cracking reaction. Arising of hydrogen pressure inhibit both isomerization and hydrocracking. Decreased space velocity is benefit to the conversion from methylhexanes to imethyl pentanes. The increasing hydrogen to hydrocarbon ratio inhibited isomerization, but had no effect on cracking reaction.
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QSRR Study for Polyhalogenated Biphenyls Using Artificial Neural Network
ZHANG Xiao-tong,GUO Jing-jing,REN Chuang,et al
2011, 24 (1): 26-29. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.006
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 299KB ) ( ) 　　
A series of polyhalogenated biphenyls have been used to develop quantitative structure-retention relationship for their gas and liquid chromatographic retention index by using two 2D descriptors of the atom type electrotopogical state index and the molecular electronegativity distance vector based on 13 atomic types. QSRR of 55 kinds of polyhalogenated biphenyls models were built by multiple liner regression and artificial neural network. The results show that using artificial neural network method is better than [KG*4]using [KG*4]multivariate [KG*4]linear [KG*4]regression, the [KG*4]predictive [KG*4]correlation [KG*4]coefficient R can reach above 0.99. It is demonstrated that using artificial neural network method can accurately predict polyhalogenated biphenyls gas and liquid chromatographic retention index.
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Influence of Preparation Conditions on the Crystal Phase of Nano-ZrO2 Prepared by Precipitation
ZHANG Jing, YAN Song
2011, 24 (1): 30-33. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.007
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 305KB ) ( ) 　　
ZrO₂ nanoparticle was prepared by precipitation method using ZrOCl₂ as precursor. The influences of the adding rate of precipitation agent, washing and drying method on the particle size and crystalline phase of ZrO₂ nanoparticles were studied. It is found that the transformation from tetragonal to monoclinic is delayed when Zr(OH)₄ was washed by ethanol. When NH₃·H₂O was added rapidly and ZrO₂ was dried by vacuum, the phase transformation of ZrO₂ is inhibited obviously.
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The Synthesis of Cyclohexanone Catalyzed by Quaternary Ammonium Decatungstate Containing Pyridine
GAO Yu-huan,Lv Zhen-bo,LIU Dan,et al
2011, 24 (1): 34-36. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.008
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 237KB ) ( ) 　　
Catalytic oxidation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone catalyzed by quaternary ammonium decatungstate, with 30%H₂O₂ as the oxidant, had been investigated. The effect of reaction time, reaction temperature, the oxidant amount and catalyst amount on catalytic performance were studied. The results show that the optimum reaction conditions are as follows: 50 mmol cyclohexanol, 0.06 mmol catalyst, 125 mmol H₂O₂, 80 ℃ reacting for 8 h; At the optimum reaction conditions, the conversion of cyclohexanol is 86.5% and the selectivity of cyclohexanone could reach 98.3%. After reaction, the catalyst is immiscible in the reaction system and could be recycled after simple filtering, and no obvious changes on the catalytic activity could be found after recycling three times.
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Synthesis of Schiff Base and Analysis for Protection Performance of SAMs on Silver Surface
LIU Lin, CHU Mao-yang, XING Jin-juan,et al
2011, 24 (1): 37-40. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.009
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 235KB ) ( ) 　　
The self-assembled monolayers(SAMs) was synthesized in order to seek low-cost and high-yield exploration of ideas. It was assembled to the metal surface, thus achieving the purpose of preventing metal corrosion. Salicylaldehyde-ethylenediamine Schiff base was synthesized with salicylaldehyde and ethylenediamine. Optimum conditions were identified. The products were certificated by melting point, infrared spectra and mass spectra. The result was that salicylaldehyde-ethylenediamine Schiff base was identified. The Schiff base was first served as additives in a peanut oil and self-assembled on the surface of silver. The SAMs were described with Jinxiang microscope technique. Simultaneously it was briefly characterized with CV method. The results show that the heterogeneous electron transfer can be inhibited by Schiff base SAMs. The assembling rate of SAMs is fast and stable. Corrosion of the silver strip body is reduced. Effectiveness and value of metal protection are summarized on Schiff base SAMs.
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Furfural Process Denitrogenating of Lube Base Oil Into Which the Assistants is Added
LI DONG-sheng,ZHANG Yi,SONG Yi,ZHAI Yu-chun
2011, 24 (1): 41-43. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.010
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 248KB ) ( ) 　　
In order to improve the oxidation stability of lube oil, the denitrogeneration refining laboratory scale test and pilotscale experiment had been done systematically for the second and third vacuum side dewaxed oil of No.1 refinery with the method of complex extraction. The results show that the mixed solvent of furfural and metallic salt can remove the basic nitrogen compounds in dewaxed oil effectively, the basic nitrogen compounds constituents in dewaxed oil were decreased from 432.32 μg/g to 91.99 μg/g,the denitrification percent was 78.12%. A fitting operation condition that the No.1 refinerys third vacuum side dewaxed oil was well extracted with furfural in laboratory was quantity of additive 6 g/kg,refining temperature 118 ℃,refining time 20 min, solvent to oil volume ratio 2.0,settling time 30 min.While a fitting operation condition that the refining oil was well extracted with atlapulgite quantity of atlapulgite 2.5%, refining temperature 150 ℃, refining time 20 min,atlapulgite wasnt torfiyed.
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Synthesis and Property of N,N,N-3-Ethyl-2-Hydroxy-3-Lauroyloxy Propyl Triethyl Ammonium Chloride
ZHANG Rong-ming,ZHANG Zhen-yu,MA Dong-hui,et al
2011, 24 (1): 44-47. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.011
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 280KB ) ( ) 　　
The N,N,N-3-ethyl-2-hydroxy-3-lauroyloxy propyl triethyl ammonium chloride (CELA) was synthesized with lauric acid, epichlorohydrin and triethylamine as the main starting materials. The main reaction include esterification and quaternization. The reaction process was studied and the result as follows, the esterification conditions: n(lauric acid)/n(epichlorohydrin)=1.0:1.2, reaction temperature was 80 ℃, reaction time was 8 h,benzyl triethylammonium chloride (TEBAC) was the catalyst and the lauric acid-2-hydroxy-3-chlorine-propyl ester yield rate is 98.7%. The quaternization conditions: n(intermediate)/n(triethylamine)=1.0:1.8, the temperature was 80 ℃, isopropyl alcohol was the solvent, reaction time was 25 h,the active mass fraction of purified production is 95.0%. The product was identified by FT-IR and the property was tested. The cmc of CELA solution was 0.21 mmol/L and surface tension was 33.27 mN/m at 25 ℃. The antiswelling rate to kaoline is 80% when the mass concentration of CELA was 20 g/L. Corrosion mitigation rate to A3 steel is 87.5% when the mass concentration of CELA was 40 mg/L.
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Direct Synthesis of Nb-SBA-15 and the Catalytic Oxidation Performance of Styrene
BAI Xiang-xiang, SHEN Jian,WEI Tian-sheng
2011, 24 (1): 48-51. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.012
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 404KB ) ( ) 　　
Niobium-containing mesoporous molecular sieves Nb-SBA-15 were synthesized by using Nb₂O₅ as niobium source. The molecular sieves were characterized by means of small angle XRD, BET, FT-IR，DTA. The results show that with niobium loaded on SBA-15, it possess characteristic structure of SBA-15. The (Z)-Nb-SBA-15 molecular sieve catalyst has a high catalytic activity for the oxidition of styrene, at the temperature 70 ℃, n(styrene)/n(H₂O₂)/n(acetone)= 1∶2∶2, the quantity of catalyst was 10.0% of [KG*4]the [KG*4]raw [KG*4]material, reaction [KG*4]time 10 h, the [KG*4]conversion [KG*4]of [KG*4]styrene [KG*4]is [KG*4]up [KG*4]to 43.21%, the selectivity of benzaldehyde is up to 94.32%, and the catalyst has good stability, is a preferred solid acid catalyst.
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Physical Simulation on Thermal Water Flooding After Steam Flooding in Different Rhythm Heavy Oil Reservoir
WANG Zheng-dong
2011, 24 (1): 52-58. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.013
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 825KB ) ( ) 　　
Aiming at conventional heavy oil reservoir, 3-D dimensional cross-section model was employed to study thermal water flooding or water-steam alternative injection after steam flooding in anti-rhythm reservoir, positive rhythm reservoir and composite rhythm reservoir. The results show that steam trended to flow on the top of reservoir due to over lap of injection steam. Steam channeling is more easily generated in anti-rhythm reservoir than in positive rhythm reservoir. Thermal water flooding and water-steam alternative injection after steam flooding could carry remaining heat to migrate into the bottom of reservoir, so amount of heavy oil in reservoir can be recovered. The recovery efficiency of water-steam alternative injection is obviously higher than thermal water flooding and water cut decreased largely during water-steam alternative injection.
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Experimental Method and Its Applications of Threshold Pressure Gradient of Heavy Oil in Porous Media
NING Li-hua
2011, 24 (1): 59-63. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.014
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 421KB ) ( ) 　　
According to seepage law and material balance principle of single phase fluid in porous media, a one-dimensional theoretical model of heavy oil seepage is established based on micro-compressible property and non-linear flow of heavy oil in porous media. Two experimental methods of unsteady state seepage are designed to measure the threshold pressure gradient of heavy oil in porous media. Experimental pressure with time at the inlet of porous media was matched by adjusting the threshold pressure gradient during the two processes of constant flow injection and shutting the inlet, so the threshold pressure gradient of heavy oil in porous media was calculated at different temperatures. The threshold pressure gradient of heavy oil was more precise by calculating from shutting the inlet than constant flow injection. The reason was that the experimental method of shutting the inlet of porous media only measures pressure without considering oil phase flow at the inlet of porous media. The method has advantages of easily operation, rapid stabilization and high accuracy.
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Application of EOS and Activity Coefficient Approach to the Calculation o fLiquid and Solid Phase Equilibrium
XIANG Min， GONG Jing
2011, 24 (1): 64-67. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.015
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 344KB ) ( ) 　　
The crude and wax liquid/solid phase equilibrium calculation was performed with the liquid phase described by EOS and activity coefficient approach and the solid phase described by solution theory respectively. The effects of PR, SRK equations and activity coefficient approach describing liquid phase characteristics on liquid/solid phase equilibrium calculation were compared. The analysis on study case show that the calculation results are similar if the liquid phase is described by PR and SRK equations, and the calculation results are also similar if liquid and solid phases are both described by activity coefficient approach. The above results confirm that for the crude/wax deposition phase equilibrium calculation, EOS or activity coefficient approach can be used to describe liquid phase characteristics, which affect the phase equilibrium calculation a little.
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Influence of Geometrical Structure on Fluid Flow in Nozzle
QIU Qing-gang， LIU Li-na
2011, 24 (1): 68-72. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.016
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 561KB ) ( ) 　　
The VOF (volume of fluid) method was employed to predict the characteristic of gas-liquid two-phase flow in desalination swirl nozzle. The numerical result was compared with the experimental data and they agree with each other very well. Analyse nozzle with different nozzle diffusion angles and export diameters and we can draw conclusions that the larger diffusion angle is, the greater liquid cone angle appears and it's not the bigger the better about diffusion angle. There is an optimal value in actual application. Nozzle diffusion angle will affect the velocity of inspiratory airflow by air cone. Air cone diameter decreases with nozzle diameter decreases, and there are two skips in velocity curves. One is in just entering the nozzle position (z=0.05 m), another is between nozzle export contraction and export expansion (0.02~0.04 m). Liquid closed to the exit of nozzle accelerates more rapidly with the nozzle diameter decreases and radial velocity on the outlet section becomes larger.
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Development of Expert System on Crude Oil Storage and Transportation Facilities
WU Jiang-tao,LU Ya-hong,GAO Hui,et al
2011, 24 (1): 73-77. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.017
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 386KB ) ( ) 　　
Based on experiments on thermo-physical properties of crude oils and numerical simulations of oil tanks and pipes, heat-transfer calculation was carried out. With the calculation result, an expert system was developed on MFC and C/C++. The expert system affords oils’ thermo-physical properties data at different temperatures and the optimal operation parameters. It also provides unsteady temperature fields data and estimations on operation process. So strategic decisions on operation could be offered to oil depots. By the expert system, energy consumption is cut down for the oil depots, and the aim of decreasing cost is also gained.
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Numerical Analysis and Research About the Thermal Response of the LNG Storage Tank in the Fire Environment
LI Su,CHEN Bao-dong,ZHANG Zheng-ting,et al
2011, 24 (1): 78-81. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.018
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 349KB ) ( ) 　　
The mathematical model of the natural convection and the gasified mass transfer about LNG storage tank was established. Three dimension numerical values was applied to simulate the hot response process according to the different fire situation of the vertical and full storage tank.The values analyzes the hot response of the LNG storage tank at different filling ratio and fire situation. The research shows that the temperature in the LNG storage tank rises quickly and the natural convection is fierce at fire initial stage. The filling ratio of the LNG storage tank is higher relatively and the internal pressure response is also quicker, however, the temperature response is slower, what's more, the filling ratio of the LNG storage tank have a bigger effect on the pressure under the situation of the pool fire. The hot response caused by spraying fire is quicker than that of pooling fire. The computing results comply with the actual situation well, the research results may supply theory instruction for the project application.
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The Simulation Analysis of Hydraulic Transient on Blocked Oil Pipeline
SUN Er-guo, WANG Yue, ZHANG Zhi-guo, WU Qi, ZHAO Qing-fu
2011, 24 (1): 82-85. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.019
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 269KB ) ( ) 　　
When jams happen to a oil pipeline suddenly, transient pressure mutations will appear in the blocked pipe. It causes a pressurization wave and a decompression wave which respectively spread to the upstream and the downstream at a certain speed. Through establishing hydraulic transient model of pipe jams, using Visual c++ 6.0 to program the characteristics analysis program of jams hydraulic, taking specific pipeline, the characteristics of transient hydraulic which was caused by different jams acreage was simulated. The simulated results show that pressure and flow rate is affected by the different jams acreage. 
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Plugging Properties of Novel Profile Control Agent Carboxymethyl Starch
WANG Bo,LI Ming-yuan
2011, 24 (1): 86-88. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.020
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 220KB ) ( ) 　　
To study the plugging properties of novel profile control agent carboxymethyl starch, it uses laboratory-made solvent carboxymethyl starch block experiment as the plugging time under the same filter volume to determine the performance indicators. It is found that the blocking performance is affected by carboxymethyl starch concentration, solution salinity and temperature and time of storage. With increasing the concentration of carboxymethyl starch and salinity, the sealing performance of the solution is improved; the solution of the filtration time is increasing trend at 70 ℃ and is decreasing trend at 90 ℃ with increasing storage time.
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Detection System of Leakage in Crude Petroleum Pipeline Based on Hybrid Wavelet Features Analysis
CHEN Yong, GUAN Jing
2011, 24 (1): 89-92. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.021
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 282KB ) ( ) 　　
With the advantage of multi-scale and multi-resolving power of wavelet transform, the leakage features of crude petroleum pipeline were extracted by wavelet analysis. Using the regression method, the real-time measured data of pipeline leakage can be analyzed and recognized. The location can be obtained by the extracted hybrid features. The experiments show the validity of the proposed method. 
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Control of Continuous-Time Singular Markovian Jump Systems With Bounded Transition Probabilities
WANG Guo-liang
2011, 24 (1): 93-96. DOI:10.3696/j.issn.1006-396X.2011.01.022
Abstract ( ) PDF ( 252KB ) ( ) 　　
The H∞ control of continuous-time singular Markovian jump systems (SMJSs) with bounded transition probabilities was discussed. Improved sufficient condition for continuous-time SMJSs to be regular, impulse-free and stochastically stable with γ-disturbance attenuation is established via less conservative estimated inequality. The condition for the existence of H∞ controller is established. Finally, an example is presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approaches.
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