As the society and economy move forward, energy and environmental problems have attracted extensive attention. Hydrogen energy is considered the ideal clean energy in the 21st century due to its high energy density, pollution?free attribute, abundant reserves, and wide application. As a clean production technology, hydrogen production by water electrolysis has developed vigorously under the goals of carbon peak and carbon neutrality. The key challenge lies in the development of high?performance electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) to reduce the overpotential of water splitting. This paper reviewed the current mainstream hydrogen production technologies by water electrolysis in detail and analyzed the characteristics and advantages and disadvantages of each technology. Moreover,it summarized the research progress of HER catalysts and predicted the development directions of the hydrogen production technology by water electrolysis and its electrocatalysts.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) exhibit excellent performance of electrocatalytic hydrogen and oxygen evolution due to their variable ions within layers,exchangeability of anions between layers,and large reaction surfaces.In addition,LDHs?based derivatives can equip catalysts with multiple functions and better performance,which show significant advantages and excellent application prospects in many fields.In this paper,the properties of LDHs?based lamellar structure,such as tunable property,ability to be delaminated and assembled,and structural memory effect,as well as common preparation methods involved in LDHs?based high?efficiency electrocatalysts,such as the delamination method,co?precipitation method,and hydrothermal method have been stematically analyzed.In addition,the applications of LDHs and their compound derivatives were systematically reviewed in electrocatalytic fields,including the oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction by water electrolysis, the electrocatalytic oxidation reaction of ethanol,and the oxygen reduction reaction.Finally,the problems and solutions involved in LDHs materials were analyzed and predicted.

The precursor NiMoO₄ nanorod arrays were prepared on nickel foam by a hydrothermal method using ammonium molydate tetrahydrate [(NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O] as the Mo source and nickel nitrate hexahydrate [Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O] as the Ni source, and subsequently were nitrogenized via a thermal treatment to obtain the NiMoN with rod?like array structure.The phase structure and surface morphology of the catalytic electrode material were characterized by X?ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).Besides,the half?reaction oxygen evolution reaction (OER),hydrogen evolution reaction (HER),and overall water electrolysis performance of the material were evaluated by adopting various electrochemical characterizations,including linear scanning voltammetry (LSV),Tafel slope, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS).The test results show that the NiMoN?9 catalytic electrode material has both high OER and HER activities.The OER overpotentials for this material to reach 100.00 mA/cm² are only 293 mV and 340 mV respectively in alkaline fresh water and alkaline simulated seawater,while the corresponding HER overpotentials are 361 mV and 400 mV.In addition,the NiMoN?9 material also exhibits good activities in both water electrolysis and seawater electrolysis with the cell voltages of 2.016 V and 2.032 V respectively to obtain 100.00 mA/cm² as well as robust stabilities over 55 h.

The activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by cobalt?based catalysts has the advantages of high catalytic activity, simple operation, easy recyclability, and low cost. Hence, it has attracted much attention in the field of advanced oxidation processes in recent years. This paper reviewed typical methods for the synthesis of cobalt?based catalysts, including solid phase, gas phase, and liquid phase methods. Several types of cobalt?based catalysts for PMS activation, including cobalt oxides with special morphologies, supported cobalt catalysts, and cobalt?based composite metal oxides, were summarized. The applications of these cobalt?based catalysts in environmental remediation via PMS activation were also elaborated, such as the degradation of organic dyes, endocrine?disrupting chemicals, and pharmaceutical and personal care products. Finally, the current shortcomings of cobalt?based catalysts in PMS activation were summarized, and some future research directions in this area were proposed.

Solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) technology can realize the efficient and flexible conversion of electrical and thermal energy to chemical energy on the basis of solid electrolytes. It can be connected with renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power and tidal energy to utilize the excess electricity generated for efficient, clean, and large?scale production of hydrogen. When coupled with the CO₂ capture process, it enables the co?electrolysis of CO₂ and H₂O to produce syngas. In addition, it can be combined with large?scale industries to produce high?value?added chemicals such as ethylene, ammonia, and formaldehyde with low?value?added raw materials generated. SOEC technology can meet the needs of the future society for the large?scale renewable energy conversion and storage,which is of great significance for accelerating the substitution process of non?fossil energy worldwide and the realization of China's carbon peak and neutrality goals. This paper mainly discussed the electrode and electrolyte materials used in solid oxide electrolysis technology, the application scenarios and principles at the current stage, and the challenges faced. Moreover, it predicted the future development directions of the technology.

As palladium(Pd) catalysts have poor selectivity to the target product in the selective hydrogenation process,a series of PdM/C bimetallic alloy catalysts were synthesized by the simple co?reduction of second metals (M=Mn,Fe,Co,Ni) and Pd. With 3?nitrostyrene as the model molecule and H₂ as the hydrogen source, this study investigated the effect of second metals on the selective hydrogenation performance of Pd?based catalysts. The Pd?based catalysts were characterized and tested by methods including X?ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM),and gas chromatography.The results reveal that when pure Pd/C is used as the catalyst, the conversion reaches 100% for 1.5 h, but the selectivity of 3?nitrophenylethane is only 29%, and the selectivity of 3?aminophenylethane is 71%. After the introduction of second metals, the selectivity of 3?nitrophenylethane is increased to 75%~100% under the same conditions. Among them,PdFe/C has the best performance(100%) in the hydrogenation of 3?nitrostyrene to 3?nitrophenylethane, and high conversion(100%) and selectivity (99%) of 3?nitrophenylethane can still maintain after ten reaction cycles. It can effectively avoid over?hydrogenation and realize the selective hydrogenation of 3?nitrostyrene to 3?nitrophenylethane.

As a classic non?metallic semiconductor photocatalyst, graphite phase carbon nitride material （g?C₃N₄） has attracted widespread attention in recent years due to its stable physical and chemical properties, reasonable band structure, low cost, easy availability, safety, and pollution?free advantages. It has good application and development prospects in the fields of environmental protection, purification and energy catalysis. However, the utilization of g?C₃N₄ in studies is significantly hampered by its tiny specific surface area, limited absorption of visible light, and high rate of recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes. The basic structure, characteristics and main modifications of g?C₃N₄ are reviewed, covering modification means such as elemental doping, morphological modulation, noble metal deposition and the practical applications of g?C₃N₄ in recent years at home and abroad.

As carbon peak and carbon neutrality become a global consensus,electrochemical energy storage technologies and related industries have been developing rapidly.The demand for electrode materials is also increasing steadily.How to prepare high?performance anode materials with widely available and low?cost precursors has thus become a research hot spot both in China and abroad.Coal is the most promising precursor for anode materials because of its high carbon content,abundant reserves,and low price.In recent years,researchers have prepared various anode materials,such as amorphous carbon,graphite,carbon nanotubes, and graphene,from coal and studied their application in lithium?ion batteries in depth.This paper summarized the research progress of three typical coal?based carbon anode materials in lithium?ion batteries.Then, it reviewed their synthesis methods,optimization and modification,and electrochemical performance.Finally,the paper presented an outlook on the development and application of coal?based carbon anode materials.

This paper systematically studied the material compatibility, storage stability, and miscibility with diesel fuel of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE _n ) from the point of view of its application performance. The results show that the PODE _n is generally highly compatible with common metal materials, such as copper, brass, steel, cast iron, cast aluminum, and solder. In comparison, blended diesel fuel with PODE _n at a volume fraction of 10% is highly compatible with polyester polyurethane rubber and fluororubber but poorly compatible with nitrile rubber and polyether polyurethane rubber. In the storage stability test conducted at 43 °C for 16 weeks, PODE _n demonstrates satisfactory storage stability. Excellent miscibility stability occurs after the blending of automobile diesel fuel with PODE _n at a volume fraction of 10%. In general, as a component of blended diesel fuel, PODE _n delivers satisfactory application performance.

Sodium?ion batteries have become one of the research hotspots in the field of energy storage because of their advantages of low cost and high safety. This paper tried to clarify the development history of the hard carbon anode of sodium?ion batteries and address the current disadvantages of sodium?ion batteries, such as low initial coulombic efficiency, poor stability, and insufficient high magnification performance. In addition, to explore the sodium?ion storage mechanism in hard carbon, this paper used CiteSpace to visually analyze the development process of sodium?ion batteries and reviewed the research progress of performance optimization strategies for hard carbon anode in terms of material design, structure regulation, and function design and interface optimization. Furthermore, the paper summarized and discussed the existing hard carbon sodium storage mechanisms and finally prospected the development direction of the hard carbon anode of sodium?ion batteries.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs),also known as hydrotalcite,can be widely employed in water pollution treatment because of their special layered structures,high physicochemical stability,and electronic properties.The application of LDH composites as catalysts for photocatalysis has received increasing attention.Therefore,the preparation and modification of LDH photocatalysts were reviewed,and the removal effect of pollutants from wastewater exerted by different LDHs was emphatically introduced.In addition, the mechanism and research status of LDH photocatalysts were briefly described.Finally,the development trend of LDH photocatalysts was prospected to provide a reference for the subsequent application of LDHs in water pollution treatment.

The efficient removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from contaminated water remains a challenge due to the very stable carbon?fluorine bonds in perfluorinated compounds.In this experiment,nanosecond pulsed dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma was used to degrade PFOA,a difficult?to?degrade organic pollutant in water,and the effects of discharge parameters such as discharge atmosphere,discharge power,gas flow rate,and liquid flow rate,as well as the reaction conditions,on the removal rate of PFOA were investigated in the reaction.The experimental results showed that under the conditions of the discharge atmosphere of argon,discharge power of 11.84 W,gas flow rate of 3.33 L/min,and liquid flow rate of 0.28 L/min,DBD had a better degradation effect on PFOA,and the removal rate could reach more than 94.0% after 60 min of reaction.Combined with emission spectroscopy and free radical burst analysis,it was determined that e^-,?OH,H₂O₂, and O₃ were the main active species to break the molecular structure of PFOA and realize the efficient degradation of the reactants,and thus could provide an effective solution for the removal of PFOA in water.

In recent years, the global market demand for pressure?sensitive adhesives has shown a steady growth trend. The market demand has reached about 3.5 million tons in 2021, and the estimated size of the global pressure?sensitive adhesive market in 2025 is ＄10 billion. Amid the development of pressure?sensitive adhesive technology and the increase in the application demand for pressure?sensitive adhesives, functionally modified pressure?sensitive adhesives have become a major trend in this field. Acrylate?based pressure?sensitive adhesive is the most widely used pressure?sensitive adhesive at present. Its performance has been improved after modification. Nevertheless, the modification process has some disadvantages, such as environmental pollution and low resource utilization. Since rubber has the advantages of low cost, superb mechanical properties, high and low temperature resistance, and environmental friendliness,and so on.Rubber?modified acrylate?based pressure?sensitive adhesives have become a development trend in this field. This paper summarized the development process of rubber?modified acrylate?based pressure?sensitive adhesives and outlined and compared the types of rubber and the advantages and disadvantages of modified products.

NiMo/γ?Al₂O₃ catalyst was prepared by using γ?Al₂O₃ as the carrier and Ni as the active component,and Mo was introduced to improve the metal dispersion of Ni?based catalysts.The physical properties of the catalysts were characterized by means of BET,XRD,H₂?TPD,H₂?TPR,and transmission electron microscopy.The performance of the catalysts was evaluated by hydrogenation units,and the effect of metal dispersion of the catalysts on the catalytic activity was investigated.The results show that the introduction of Mo can effectively weaken the interaction between Ni and the carrier.The low?temperature reduction peak of the H₂?TPR profile significantly moves forward,and the peak intensity is enhanced.The specific surface area of the catalyst activity increases from 0.7 m²/g to 15.3~16.1 m²/g,and the metal dispersion increases from 0.80% to 18.59%,which indicates that the number of metal active centers on catalyst surfaces increases,and the metal dispersion on the catalyst surfaces improves. Under the same process condition,heavy petrol with catalytic cracking is processed,and the desulfurization rate of NiMo?based catalysts is increased by 15.7% compared with that of Ni?based catalysts.The saturation rate of olefin is increased by 4.9%,and the desulfurization selectivity is decreased by 3.4%.Therefore,the NiMo?based catalysts have positive desulfurization selectivity while ensuring a high desulfurization rate.

Excessive CO₂ emission caused by a large number of human activities is the main cause of global warming,so a method to effectively control the increase in CO₂ concentration is urgently needed.Currently,direct air capture is the only technology capable of achieving negative growth of carbon emissions on a large scale.Solid amine adsorbents,especially silicon?based ones, have been widely studied and used to capture CO₂ from ambient air due to their advantages of high adsorption capacity,corrosion resistance,and low energy consumption.In this paper,silicon?based solid amine adsorbents were classified according to the mode of loading,and the influence of different silicon?based supports on the adsorbent performance was summarized.At the same time,the problems encountered in the industrial application of powdered solid amine adsorbents were put forward,and the current forming methods of solid amine adsorbents were sorted out.Finally,it is pointed out that the development of formed solid amine adsorbents with high adsorption capacity and high stability is the future trend of CO₂ adsorbent industrialization.

This study uses the solvent extraction method to separate and recover aluminum and nickel from the alkali leaching residue of spent hydrogeneration catalysts. It compared and analyzed the extraction efficiency of P204 (Di (2?ethylhexyl) phosphate) and P507 (2?ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono?2?ethylhexyl ester) and investigated the effects of initial pH, the volume fraction of P204, the saponification rate of P204, and the ratio of V(org)/V(aq) on the extraction of aluminum and nickel in the P204 extraction system. The experimental results show that P204 demonstrates better extraction performance than P507 in the separation of aluminum and nickel. Under a concentration of 35% and saponification ratio of 30% of P204, initial pH of 2.75, and V(org)/V(aq) of 3∶1, the extraction rate of aluminum and nickel is 96.45% and 2.77%, respectively. In the two?stage countercurrent extraction process, the extraction rate of aluminum can reach more than 99.50% while that of nickel is below 3.60%. The loaded organic solvent was stripped at 60 ℃ and V(org)/V(aq) =2∶1 for 20 minutes by 6 mol/L HCl solution, and the stripping efficiency of aluminum in the organic phase is 98.04%. Thus, the separation of aluminum and nickel in spent catalysts can be effectively realized.

A combined chemical cleaning?thermal steam air floatation process was established to treat oil sludge,and the conditions of the combined process were investigated meticulously. Meanwhile, the self?synthesized WP?1 was taken as the main cleaning agent, and the cleaning effect of WP?1 was evaluated by the solid?phase oil content upon treatment. The results reveal that the optimal conditions for the combined process include a mud?to?water ratio of 1 : 3, a cleaning temperature of 80 ℃, an agitation rate of 200 r/min, cleaning time of 1.5 h, holding time of 15.0 min, and thermal steam air floatation of 1.0 h. Thermal steam air floatation solves the problem of suspending and sinking oil particles with large specific gravity in the cleaning process. Under optimal conditions, the solid?phase oil content decreases to 1.2%, meeting the oil sludge treatment standards stipulated in SY/T 7301-2016. The oil removal rate is as high as 92.08% when WP?1 is combined with 0.1 g of sodium silicate, which demonstrates a high price?performance ratio and is of good application value.

Graphite phase carbon nitride(g?C₃N₄), as an environmentally benign semiconductor material, has good application prospects in photocatalysis. However, the disadvantages of pure g?C₃N₄ such as small specific surface area and difficult separation of photogenerated carriers will limit its photocatalytic performance, which will restrict its large?scale application.From the synthetic methods and modification strategies, the research progress of g?C₃N₄ photocatalysts by researchers in recent years is reviewed, and the development of g?C₃N₄ photocatalysts in the fields of degradation of pollutants in water treatment, H₂ and H₂O₂ production is summarised, and it can be found that the performance of the modified g?C₃N₄ photocatalysts has been greatly improved.Finally,the development direction of g?C₃N₄ photocatalyst is prospected.

Organic polymer membranes have been widely used for wastewater treatment.Due to occurrence of irreversible membrane contamination,the replacement of the membrane after the performance decay leads to the generation of a large number of discarded membranes.How to realize the reuse of these waste polymer films has important economic and environmental value.In this study,a carbonaceous material with both ultramicroporous,mesoporous,and macroporous structures was prepared by a simple pyrolysis remodeling reaction using waste hollow fiber membranes as a template.The differences in the adsorption performance of the waste membrane?derived activated carbon and commercial activated carbon were investigated based on the structural characterizations of the carbonaceous materials.The kinetic and thermodynamic processes for the adsorption removal of typical aromatic hydrocarbon organic contaminants and antibiotics from water were investigated.It was found that the the waste membrane carbon with hierarchical pore structure had a higher removal capacity for aromatic hydrocarbon organic pollutants than commercial carbon,while the adsorption performance for antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin,carbamazepine and sulfadiazine was lower than that of commercial carbon.

Sodium?ion batteries (SIBs) have the advantages of rich resources and low cost and supply risk.Therefore,they are regarded as a new generation of electrochemical energy storage devices with great potential.At present,vanadium pentoxide (V₂O₅) has gradually become a research hotspot of cathode materials for SIBs because of its high working voltage and theoretical capacity. However,the disadvantages of V₂O₅ cathode material,including low ion diffusion coefficient,low conductivity,and structural instability caused by repeated ion intercalation/deintercalation,have limited its application in SIBs.This paper analyzed the crystal structure and sodium storage mechanism of V₂O₅ and summarized the research progress of V₂O₅ cathode material in SIBs through modification methods such as morphology control,crystal structure modification,chemical pre?insertion,and composition with other materials.Finally,the paper prospected the development trend of V₂O₅ electrode material.

The adsorption data of hydrogen in graphene,single?walled carbon nanotubes,and multi?walled carbon nanotubes at 293.15 K and 101.30 kPa were measured experimentally.Through the comparison of the data calculated by different force fields under the same conditions, the optimal force fields of the three carbon materials for calculation were selected.On this basis,the hydrogen adsorption data of the three carbon materials at 0~1 000.00 kPa and 77.00~573.15 K were calculated.The results show that the Dreiding force field is the optimal force field to calculate the hydrogen adsorption and storage in graphene,and the Universal force field is the best force field to calculate that in carbon nanotubes.Under given conditions,the hydrogen adsorption and storage capacity of the three materials is ranked as follows:graphene single?walled carbon nanotubes multi?walled carbon nanotubes.The hydrogen storage capacity is closely related to the specific surface area of the material and its weak binding force with hydrogen.The results can provide data and theoretical support for the molecular simulation of hydrogen adsorption and storage in carbon materials as well as hydrogen storage material design.

Under the national strategy of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China,utilizing CO₂ for enhanced oil recovery becomes an important means of CO₂ storage in oilfields. However, there are still challenges in the safe storage and transportation of liquid CO₂,in which gas impurities have a great influence on the thermodynamic properties of liquid CO₂.Seven common gas impurities were determined by the analysis of CO₂ samples obtained in the field,and the changes in physical properties of the CO₂ samples containing impurities were simulated by HYSYS and the molecular dynamics simulation method.The physical property diagrams were plotted and compared with those of pure CO₂.The results reveal that all seven impurities can enlarge the gas?liquid coexisting region in CO₂ phase diagrams,but the enlargement extent differs. The impurities mainly expand the gas?liquid coexisting region by changing the bubble point line,while the dew point line has little change.It is found by molecular dynamics simulation that the electrostatic potential energy plays a dominant role in the CO₂ mixture containing C₂H₆,C₃H₈,and C₂H₄.Therefore,compared with the results of the mixture containing H₂,CO,CH₄,and carbonyl sulfur (OCS),its macroscopic physical properties are less affected by temperature and pressure fluctuations.

Electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to CO using renewable energy is one of the effective ways to achieve "carbon neutrality" and renewable energy storage.This review briefly described the advantages and basic principles of the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ and summarized the research progress of metal electrocatalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to CO in aqueous solutions in recent years.Specifically,this study mainly introduced the recent research progress of mono?metal nanocatalysts,bimetallic catalysts,metal?organic complex catalysts,and mono?atom catalysts,which included their influences on the electrochemical reduction of CO₂ and relevant reaction mechanisms.The introduction was conducted from several perspectives,such as the preparation of nanoparticles as well as the regulation of their composition and structure,alloy construction,structural design of metal centers as well as their ligands and carriers,and the development of mono?atom catalysts. In addition, this study summarized the advantages and disadvantages of various catalysts and predicted the development trend of metal catalysts.

Titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is a traditional photocatalyst material.However, due to its wide band gap (3.2 eV) and the easy recombination of photogenerated carriers,it is necessary to enhance the effective absorption of sunlight,promote the separation of photogenerated carriers,and inhibit their recombination by doping noble metals,transition metals,anions and constructing heterojunctions.TiO₂/CdS heterojunctions were prepared in two steps.Firstly,TiO₂ nanotube arrays were prepared by multiple voltage anodization.Then,with TiO₂ nanotubes as the base,CdS quantum dots were uniformly deposited inside and outside the nanotubes through chemical bath deposition.The composition,morphology,and optical properties of TiO₂/CdS heterojunctions were characterized by X?ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy (SEM),transmission electron microscopy (TEM),X?ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS),and UV?visible spectroscopy (UV?VIS).The prepared TiO₂/CdS heterojunctions effectively inhibited the recombination of photogenerated carriers,promoted the transfer of excited electrons,and improved the hydrogen production efficiency by photocatalysis.The hydrogen production efficiency of sample TiO₂(1.0)?CdS(1.0) reached 1.30 mmol/（g ? h）,which was 1.67 times that of CdS quantum dots.Finally,according to the experimental analysis,the transfer mechanism of photogenerated electrons on TiO₂/CdS during photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen was proposed.

Electrochemical treatment technologies have been widely used to remove heavy metals in water.Specifically,carbon?based electrodes show positive application prospects in electrochemical treatment and recovery of heavy metals due to their strong electrical conductivity,large specific surface area,and controllable structure.This paper reviewed the research progress in the removal and recovery of heavy metals in electrochemical fields,such as electro?adsorption,electro?reduction,electro?oxidation,and electro?deposition by carbon?based electrodes including carbon nanotubes,graphene,and activated carbon.In addition,the development trends of removing heavy metals by electrochemical treatment technologies based on carbon materials were predicted.

Common wicker,the raw material of biochar,was treated by hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTMAC) for cationic surface activation,and then it was mixed with zero?valent iron and sodium alginate to prepare zero?valent iron/cationic surfactant/biochar (Fe⁰?MBC) gel microspheres, and their ability to adsorb Cr(VI) in water was discussed.The structure and properties of Fe⁰?MBC gel microspheres were studied by means of XRF,FTIR,XRD and Zeta potential.Upon the analysis of the effects of the reaction time,temperature and pH value on adsorption,the adsorption mechanism was preliminarily discussed on the basis of adsorption kinetics and the isotherm model.The results indicate that the adsorption effect of Fe⁰?MBC gel microspheres on Cr(VI) is highly fitted with that of pseudo?first?order kinetics and the Langmuir isothermal adsorption model. The removal rates of Cr(VI) by CTMAC?activated biochar loaded with 5% zero?valent iron and CTMAC?activated biochar loaded with 10% zero?valent iron can reach 89% and 97% (initial Cr concentration of 100 mg/L) at 2 h, respectively, and the maximum saturated adsorption capacities are 33.777 9 mg/g and 42.562 0 mg/g, respectively.The experimental results reveal that Fe⁰?MBC gel microspheres, as a low?cost and high?efficiency environmental functional material, have good application prospects for the removal of Cr(VI) in wastewater.

Two?dimensional transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) have become a high?profile material with a wide range of application prospects due to their efficient adsorption and catalytic properties,wide optical absorption range,and excellent conductivity.Ni?doped Nb₂C material has positive photocatalytic properties.To explore the intrinsic mechanism of photocatalytic property improvement by Ni?doped Nb₂C,the electronic structure properties of Nb₂C and its Ni?functionalized form(i.e.,Ni?Nb₂C) and their adsorption properties for CO₂ gas molecule by using the density functional theory (DFT) were investigated.The results show that the replacement of an Nb atom by a Ni atom makes the charge density around the Ni atom increase and further results in a redistribution of the charge density of the substrate,which leads to an improved electronic environment for catalyzing CO₂ and improves the photocatalytic property for CO₂.

The properties of alumina supports are the key factors affecting the propane dehydrogenation performance of Pt?Sn/γ?Al₂O₃ catalysts.In this paper,γ?Al₂O₃ supports were prepared at three calcination temperatures of 450,650,850 ℃,and the structures and properties of the supports and supported catalysts were systematically studied by XRD,XRF,NH₃?TPD,Py?FTIR, CO?FTIR,OH?FTIR,and other characterization methods.The properties of the propane dehydrogenation reaction were evaluated by a fixed?bed micro?reaction evaluation device with online analysis,and the gas?phase product distribution and coking properties were analyzed.The results show that with the increase in calcination temperature,the surface acid content of γ?Al₂O₃ supports decreases,and calcination at 850 ℃ almost eliminates the weak L acid centers on the surface.This indicates that the number of coordinated unsaturated Al sites on the surface of γ?Al₂O₃ and surface hydroxyl groups decreases as the calcination temperature grows,which is not conducive to the high dispersion of metal active centers.Both CO?FTIR and TEM results confirm the formation of larger Pt clusters on Pt?Sn/γ?Al₂O₃?850,and more Pt active phase structure with saturated coordination can promote the occurrence of side reactions such as deep dehydrogenation and reduce the selectivity of propylene products.

Plastics are synthetic or natural polymers that are widely used in industrial fields and daily life due to its good durability and plasticity.Among plastics,polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the most commonly used.Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the commonly used plastics,which is widely used in many fields.PET is difficult to be degraded under natural circumstances without artificial treatment,which brings serious burden to the ecosystems,so the issue of degradation and regeneration of PET plastics has become a hot issue globally.Many methods such as photodegradation,thermal degradation,biodegradation,etc.,have been developed to degrade plastics.Among them,biodegradation is considered as environmental friendly and highly efficient method.Thus,the design and transformation of PET degradation has become a key issue.The main methods for degrading plastics at the present stage,the common enzymes used for degrading PET by biodegradation methods and the modification methods of PET degrading enzymes are reviewed,to provide a theoretical basis for the rapid degradation and regeneration of PET.

In order to investigate the oxidation and degradation effect of potassium on naphthalene,the main factors affecting the degradation rate of naphthalene were determined by single factor experiments,and the degradation conditions of naphthalene were optimized by response surface analysis.The results show that the best degradation condition of potassium ferrate for mass concentratoion of 5.0 mg/L naphthalene are as follows:the temperature is 25 ℃,the pH is 7.0, the dosage of potassium ferrate is 0.60 g/L,and the react time is 30 min.Under the optimum oxidation degradation condition,the rate of naphthalene is 75.60%.The results of single factor experiment show that pH(A),the initial mass concentration of naphthalene(B), and the potassium ferrate dosage(C) are the main factors affecting the degradation rate of naphthalene,and the degree of influence is from big to small C>B>A.The results of multifactor experiment show that the order of interfactors from big to small is AC>AB>BC.The model predicted the optimal degradation conditions of naphthalene by potassium perferrate:the temperature is 25 ℃,the initial mass concentration of naphthalene is 2.79 mg/L and the pH is 6.8,the mass concentration of potassium ferrate is 0.90 g/L,and the reaction time is 30 min.Under the optimum degradation conditions,the highest degradaton rate of naphthalene is 91.82%.

The NiCo₂O₄ nanorods were prepared by a hydrothermal method with nickel nitrate hexahydrate （Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O） as the nickel source,cobalt nitrate hexahydrate （Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O） as the cobalt source,and urea as the precipitant.Then the above NiCo₂O₄ nanorods were immersed into the RuCl₃ solution to obtain the NiCo₂O₄/Ru composite catalyst by reduction.Testing technologies such as X?ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were adopted to characterize the phase structure and morphology of this composite catalyst, and its catalytic performance toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was investigated by electrochemical methods such as linear scan voltammogram (LSV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Moreover, the NiCo₂O₄/Ru composite catalyst was used as the anode to assemble the Zn?air battery, whose open circuit voltage,charge and discharge performance,and cycle stability were evaluated by a LANHE test system. The results show that the NiCo₂O₄/Ru composite catalyst has high ORR/OER bifunctional catalytic activity with an OER overpotential of 420 mV at 10.0 mA/cm² and an ORR half?wave potential of 0.77 V.The assembled Zn?air battery also exhibits an open circuit voltage of 1.37 V, a maximum power density of 143 mW/cm²,as well as robust cycle stability for 50 hours.

In order to study the influences of swing, H₂O and N₂ on the removal of CO₂ from offshore natural gas by adsorption and purification, dynamic penetration experiments of mixed multi?component gas in the dry and aqueous 13X zeolites under static and swing conditions were carried out. Mixtures of CH₄/ CO₂ and CH₄/ CO₂/ N₂ were obtained by matching CH₄, CO₂, and N₂ in proportion through a mass spectrometer. In addition, under static and swing conditions, the partial pressure of each gas in the mixtures at the exit of the dry and aqueous 13X zeolites at different time was measured during dynamic penetration experiments, and the penetration curve and penetration time were obtained. The adsorption and purification effect of CO₂ in the two mixtures in the dry and aqueous 13X zeolites under the two conditions was analyzed according to the penetration time, and then the influences of swing, H₂O and N₂ on the removal of CO₂ from offshore natural gas by adsorption and purification were clarified. The experimental results show that 13X zeolites have the strongest capacity in absorbing CO₂ and the weakest capacity in absorbing N₂ under static or swing conditions. N₂ is conducive to the removal of CO₂ from offshore natural gas by adsorption and purification, while the swing and H₂O fail to do so.

A new type of gelator with π?π stacking as weak interaction force was designed and synthesized. Pyromellitic acid esters were synthesized from pyromellitic dianhydride and alcohols of different carbon chain lengths to reduce hydrogen bonding sites.Then the gel capabilities were explored in common different organic solvents.The rheological test shows that the elastic modulus of the gel system is ten folds higher than the storage modulus,indicating that the gel has good mechanical properties and exhibits typical solid?like rheological behavior.Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy,scanning electron microscopy and DSC results show gelators formed fibrous self?assembled aggregates in gel under driving force from π?π stacking and the van der Waals force.The formed aggregates entangle with each other and finally form a three?dimensional network structure that hinders the flow of the solvent to form the gel.

This article conducts research on the injection production well patterns under different injection production conditions through two methods: physical simulation and numerical simulation. On the core scale, a reservoir physical simulation model was prepared based on similarity criteria. It was found that the higher the permeability of the physical model was, the lower the overall pressure value was and the smaller the average pressure drop after shutdown. As the viscosity of crude oil increases, the overall pressure of the model increases, and the reduction in pressure during adjustment becomes more pronounced. As the decrease in flow rate increases, the decrease in pressure regulation significantly increases. According to the numerical simulation results, due to the obstruction of the fault, there is no connectivity on both sides, resulting in different energy replenishment on both sides. As the mining progresses, the pressure difference decreases from 0.35 MPa in the initial stage to around 0.15 MPa.When both sides of the fault of the adjustment well are one injection and two extractions, the pressure difference between the two sides of the fault exists with the extension of the development time, but converges again in the late production period.While both sides of the fault of the adjustment well are one injection and two extractions and one injection and four extractions, the difference between the two sides of the fault pressure system increases with the extension of the development time. The research of this paper is of great significance to drilling of adjustment wells in the "Double High" oilfield.

Under alkaline conditions,the aldehyde group is introduced into dibenzo?18?crown?6 (DB18C6) with the help of chloroform (CHCl₃) to prepare dimethyl dibenzo?18?crown?6 (DDB18C6).Then,using DDB18C6 and soluble deacetylated chitin (CTS) as raw materials,Schiff reaction was used to synthesize a grafted crown ether CTS membrane with an increasing mass fraction of small molecule crown ethers,which was named C _a ?CTS membrane (a=m(DDB18C6)/m(C _a ?CTS membrane）).The C _a ?CTS membrane is ion exchanged in alkali solution.The C _a ?CTS membrane absorbs K⁺ through the oxygen hole structure,and then the C _a ?CTSK membrane is prepared.Eeach stage the sample membrane was subjected to structural characterization and performance testing.The results show that with the increase of the crown ether grafting degree,the thermal stability of CTS can be improved;when a=0.20,the grafting degree of C_0.20?CTSK membrane can reach 43.91%,the water absorption rate can reach 168.6%,the IEC value is 1.38 mmol/g. At a temperature of 70 ℃,the conductivity of C_0.20?CTSK membrane can reach 46.8 mS/cm; the introduction of grafting of crown ether improves the alkali resistance stability of this series of membranes. After the C _a ?CTSK series membranes are soaked in 6 mol/L KOH solution for 480 hours, the conductivity decreases only 4.0%.

Rising levels of nitrate and nitrogen in water bodies pose a potential threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health. Therefore, it is urgent to solve the problem of excessive nitrate in water bodies. Fe(NO₃)₃·9H₂O, Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O, reed biochar, NH₃·H₂O was used as raw material, and co?precipitation method was used to load cobalt?iron layered bimetals onto reed biochar to prepare Co/Fe?LDH@BC for adsorption of excess nitrate nitrogen in water. The experimental results showed that Co/Fe?LDH@BC could effectively adsorb nitrate nitrogen in water, and its adsorption capacity was 88.52 mg/g. The adsorption kinetic model conforms to the pseudo?second?order kinetic model, and the isotherm conforms to the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating that the adsorption reaction is spontaneous and endothermic, which mainly involves four reaction mechanisms: ion exchange, ligand exchange, electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding. In addition, Co/Fe?LDH@BC has a strong affinity for nitrate nitrogen in most water bodies where coexisting anions are present, making it suitable for practical applications.

The concentration of CO₂ in the atmosphere reached an all?time high in the 2021(414.7 μg/g), which has caused a series of ecological and environmental problems. In order to solve the problem of global warming, CO₂ resource utilization is imperative. From the view of CO₂ utilization and methanol (MeOH) economy, the preparation of MeOH by CO₂ hydrogenation is a potential energy route, which can be used as one of the key paths to achieve carbon neutrality. The recent progress in preparation of MeOH by reduction of CO₂ with H₂ as reductant in homogeneous system was summarized.According to the three routes of preparing MeOH by direct hydrogenation of CO₂,preparing MeOH by hydrogenation of CO₂ derivatives,and preparing MeOH by dissimilation of HCOOH,the catalyst system design,structure?activity relationship and reaction mechanism involved in each route were introduced,and the shortcomings of each hydrogenation route were summarized,the problems needed to be solved in the industrial production of MeOH by CO₂ hydrogenation were put forward.

A series of Y zeolite?encapsulated Ru metal catalysts were prepared by the in?situ hydrothermal method, ion exchange method,and impregnation method.The effects of the Ru metal introduction sequence during the in?situ hydrothermal synthesis process and the synthesis methods on the physical properties and catalytic performance were discussed.Methods including XRD, XRF,and SEM were used to characterize the composition and structure of samples, and the presence states of Ru metal in zeolite were characterized by H₂?TPR,H₂?TPD,TEM,CO?IR,and XPS.The acidity properties of the samples were characterized by NH₃?TPD and Py?IR.The results indicate that the addition order of Ru metal has little effect on the zeolite synthesized by the in?situ hydrothermal method,and this method is the best choice for Ru metal encapsulation.For the isomerization of isobutane to n?butane, the prepared Ru@HY?Si exhibits the highest isobutane conversion and n?butane selectivity and optimal catalytic activity at 673 K with a mass space velocity of 4 h^-1.

Organic sulfides widely exist in natural resources such as petroleum and coal,which have abundant resource reserves.In the petroleum refining industry,the cleavage of C-S bonds is usually required for the desulfurization of petroleum fractions. Among them,the transition metal?catalyzed cleavage reactions of C-S bonds have attracted the attention of researchers owing to the advantages of high efficiency,mild conditions,and low pollution.This review summarizes the progress in transition metal?catalyzed C-S bond cleavage reactions of different types of organic sulfides,and provides insights into Pd,Cu,Ni and Fe catalytic systems and mechanisms.Moreover,the development of such reactions is proposed.

The Biological seepage studies the seepage of biofluids in living organisms and fluids containing microorganisms in non?biological porous media.The mass transfer diffusion osmosis phenomenon of a porous bioelastomer material,poly(glycidyl sebacate) (PGS),implanted into human soft tissues was simulated.The pore structure of the PGS material was characterised by N₂ adsorption?desorption and the scaffold model with different pore numbers and pore diameters was designed using the multi?physics field simulation software?COMSOL to investigate the effects of pore and pore diameter parameters on blood osmosis when the pore size was constant.COMSOL was used to design the adapted PGS stent models,numerically simulate the characteristics of the blood flow when blood flowed through the PGS stent,and analyse the kinetic viscosity and the shear rate of the blood field with the theory of fluid dynamics.Comparative analyses of seepage pressure and diffusion at different blood inlet velocities were carried out. The results show that the PGS material is a material that tends to be mesoporous.When the blood flows inside the porous scaffold, the kinetic viscosity varies with the shear rate,indicating that the blood seepage inside the scaffold is a kind of non?Newtonian fluid seepage.The diffusion speed of the blood inside the porous scaffold is different under different inlet velocities and the larger the inlet velocity is,the higher the pressure,and the faster the mass transfer diffusion speed will be.

The BaTiO₃?TiO₂ composites were prepared by using hydrate barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)₂·8H₂O) and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) as raw materials with soft chemical hydrothermal method at 120 ℃ and different Ba/Ti molar ratios.The structure of the prepared composites with different Ba/Ti molar ratios was analyzed by X?ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscopy (SEM),and UV?visible absorption spectroscopy (UV?Vis),the degradation effect of the complex on the simulated degradation pollutant,rhodamine B (RhB) was investigated.The results indicate that the BaTiO₃?TiO₂ composites obtained at a Ba/Ti molar ratio of 0.50 have an excellent catalytic effect for the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) during the simulation of dye wastewater degradation.Meanwhile,more active sites formed at the Ba/Ti molar ratio of 0.50, which facilitated the photocatalytic reaction.

A nitrogen?doped carbon catalyst was prepared by the calcination of the CN _y precursor synthesized by the polymerization of paraformaldehyde,1,3,5?trimethylbenzene and p?phenylenediamine.This paper also investigated the effect of catalyst calcination temperature on the performance of acetylene hydrochlorination.The results indicate that CN _y ?700?1 catalyst has the best reaction activity.It has an acetylene conversion of up to 89.8% under the optimized conditions of acetylene?to?hydrogen chloride volume ratio of 1.0∶1.1,reaction temperature of 280 ℃ and GHSV(C₂H₂) of 90 h^-1.The catalyst characterization manifests that the activity of the catalyst is related to the specific surface area,pore volume,and pyrrole nitrogen content.The active site of the catalyst is the carbon atom bonding with the pyrrole nitrogen atom.Increasing the calcination temperature results in a larger specific surface area within a certain temperature range,and the pyridine nitrogen can also be converted to pyrrole nitrogen to a certain extent.The main cause of catalyst deactivation is carbon deposit.

The development of clean and renewable energy technologies is seen as the key to addressing energy and environmental issues.Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays key roles in storage intermittent energy,such as solar and wind,from water splitting.Recently, OER under neutral conditions receives considerable interests due to its environmental friendliness.However,the efficiency of OER under neutral environment is far below that under alkaline or acidic condition.In this review,the current researchers' understanding of the mechanism of OER under mild pH conditions is firstly outlined.Thereafter,several important characterisation techniques for in situ tracking of the electrocatalytic process of OER are presented,which is crucial to reveal the OER mechanism under neutral conditions.Moreover,an overview over catalytic materials towards neutral OER,including Co?,Ni?,and Mn?based catalysts,is provided.Finally,a brief outlook on the remaining challenges and possible strategies for promoting neutral OER is given.

Li₂ZnTi₃O₈ anodes coated with N?doped carbon from dopamine hydrochloride were synthesized via a high?temperature solid?state method.Some Ti⁴⁺ ions were reduced to Ti³⁺ ions during synthesis,which enabled the co?modification of coating and doping.The modification method can enhance the ion diffusion coefficients and reduce the charge?transfer resistance.In the rate performance tests at 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0 A/g,the specific capacities of N?doped carbon?coated Li₂ZnTi₃O₈(Li₂ZnTi₃O₈@C?N?2) are over 240.0，220.0，210.0，200.0，190.0，180.0 mA ? h/g,respectively.In addition,the electrochemical performance of this material at a low temperature was also studied.The results show that the Li₂ZnTi₃O₈@C?N?2 sample has much higher discharge specific capacities than those of unmodified Li₂ZnTi₃O₈ anode material at 0 ℃.The initial discharge specific capacity is 262.5 mA ? h/g at 0.2 A/g,and the discharge specific capacity of 241.7 mA ? h/g is still obtained after 300 cycles.Even at 1.0 A/g,the discharge specific capacity is kept at 147.4 mA ? h/g after 300 cycles.

A deep eutectic solvent was synthesized by the stirring method with Br?nsted acid (carboxylic acid) and Lews acid (ferric chloride) as raw materials. It was then analyzed with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. The results showed that the deep eutectic solvent was formed by hydrogen bonding between Br?nsted acid and Lews acid. Extraction desulfurization with this deep eutectic solvent as the extractant was investigated, and the optimum desulfurization conditions were obtained as follows. When the molar ratio of Br?nsted acid to Lews acid is 1 : 0.5, the desulfurization temperature is 30 °C, and the ratio of solvent to oil is 1 : 5, the proposed extractant demonstrates a favorable desulfurization effect on the simulated oil, gasoline, and diesel.