Removal of Heavy Metals in Water by Electrochemical Treatment Technologies Based on Carbon Materials

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-396X.2022.04.008

Abstract

Abstract:

Electrochemical treatment technologies have been widely used to remove heavy metals in water.Specifically,carbon?based electrodes show positive application prospects in electrochemical treatment and recovery of heavy metals due to their strong electrical conductivity,large specific surface area,and controllable structure.This paper reviewed the research progress in the removal and recovery of heavy metals in electrochemical fields,such as electro?adsorption,electro?reduction,electro?oxidation,and electro?deposition by carbon?based electrodes including carbon nanotubes,graphene,and activated carbon.In addition,the development trends of removing heavy metals by electrochemical treatment technologies based on carbon materials were predicted.

Key words: Water treatment, Carbon materials, Electrochemical treatment, Heavy metal, Environmental protection

摘要：

电化学处理技术已广泛用于水体重金属的去除研究。其中，具有导电性强、比表面积大、结构可控等性能的碳基电极在电化学处理和回收重金属方面表现出巨大的应用前景。主要介绍了碳纳米管、石墨烯、活性炭等碳基电极通过电吸附、电氧化还原以及电沉积等电化学方法去除与回收水中重金属的研究进展，并展望了碳材料为基础的电化学处理重金属的发展趋势。

关键词: 水处理, 碳材料, 电化学处理, 重金属, 环境保护

CLC Number:

TQ110.9

Yuhan Cao, Rongzhong Wang, Yuehua Zhang, Guowen Peng, Qingyi Zeng. Removal of Heavy Metals in Water by Electrochemical Treatment Technologies Based on Carbon Materials[J]. Journal of Petrochemical Universities, 2022, 35(4): 52-59.

曹瑜寒, 王荣忠, 张月华, 彭国文, 曾庆意. 碳材料为基础的电化学法去除水中重金属研究进展[J]. 石油化工高等学校学报, 2022, 35(4): 52-59.

Figures/Tables 6

Fig.1 Mechanism diagram of electro?reduction

Fig.2 Mechanism diagram of electro?oxidation

Fig.3 Mechanism diagram of electro?adsorption

Fig.4 Mechanism diagram of electrolysis

Fig.5 Mechanism diagram of electro?deposition

Table 1 Comparison of electrochemical treatment methods

处理方法	优点	缺点	碳基电极	适用范围
电化学还原法	同时去除重金属离子和回收高纯度重金属	电流密度低，电解速率差，耗能大	碳纳米管电极、石墨烯基电极、活性炭基电极	可用于还原六价铬
电化学氧化法	能耗小，成本低，占地面积小，对重金属具有选择性	效率低，影响因素多，原位生成的活性物质(H₂O₂、 $⋅$ OH、 $⋅$ O $2 -$ 等)相对较少且不稳定	石墨烯基电极、三维网状玻璃态碳电极	可用于氧化三价砷
电吸附法	操作灵活，成本低，无二次污染，吸附量大，自动化程度高；电极材料可以再生，使用寿命较长	在电极处发生不需要的反应，这将导致导电性不足；样品经电吸附法处理后，仍会存在重金属离子残留	活性炭基电极、碳纳米管电极、石墨烯基电极、碳气凝胶基电极、其他碳基电极	可去除砷、铬、镉、铜、铅、锌、镍、铁、铅等重金属离子
电解法	一次去除多种污染物，不消耗化学药剂，无二次污染，能直接回收有价值的金属	耗能高，处理水量小；电极材料消耗较大，容易发生副反应，电极易钝化；电解时析氧、析氢或析氯时产生不安全因素，出水水质差	碳气凝胶电极、三维网状玻璃态碳电极、活性炭基电极	可用于处理含铬、铜、钴、镍等重金属废水
电沉积法	不需要化学试剂，不产生污泥，选择性高，运行成本低，可回收重金属	难以处理低浓度重金属废水；产生沉积物，释放气体，这可能会引起安全问题；在酸性条件下电极腐蚀严重，发生析氧等副反应	三维网状玻璃态碳电极、石墨烯基电极	可用于去除铅、铜、锌等重金属离子

Table 1 Comparison of electrochemical treatment methods

处理方法	优点	缺点	碳基电极	适用范围
电化学还原法	同时去除重金属离子和回收高纯度重金属	电流密度低，电解速率差，耗能大	碳纳米管电极、石墨烯基电极、活性炭基电极	可用于还原六价铬
电化学氧化法	能耗小，成本低，占地面积小，对重金属具有选择性	效率低，影响因素多，原位生成的活性物质(H₂O₂、 $⋅$ OH、 $⋅$ O $2 -$ 等)相对较少且不稳定	石墨烯基电极、三维网状玻璃态碳电极	可用于氧化三价砷
电吸附法	操作灵活，成本低，无二次污染，吸附量大，自动化程度高；电极材料可以再生，使用寿命较长	在电极处发生不需要的反应，这将导致导电性不足；样品经电吸附法处理后，仍会存在重金属离子残留	活性炭基电极、碳纳米管电极、石墨烯基电极、碳气凝胶基电极、其他碳基电极	可去除砷、铬、镉、铜、铅、锌、镍、铁、铅等重金属离子
电解法	一次去除多种污染物，不消耗化学药剂，无二次污染，能直接回收有价值的金属	耗能高，处理水量小；电极材料消耗较大，容易发生副反应，电极易钝化；电解时析氧、析氢或析氯时产生不安全因素，出水水质差	碳气凝胶电极、三维网状玻璃态碳电极、活性炭基电极	可用于处理含铬、铜、钴、镍等重金属废水
电沉积法	不需要化学试剂，不产生污泥，选择性高，运行成本低，可回收重金属	难以处理低浓度重金属废水；产生沉积物，释放气体，这可能会引起安全问题；在酸性条件下电极腐蚀严重，发生析氧等副反应	三维网状玻璃态碳电极、石墨烯基电极	可用于去除铅、铜、锌等重金属离子

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