Research Progress on Reservoir Characteristics and Seepage Characteristics of Deep and Ultra⁃Deep Carbonate Oil and Gas Reservoirs

doi:10.12422/j.issn.1672-6952.2024.05.007

Abstract

Abstract:

Deep and ultra-deep carbonate oil and gas reservoirs, with their vast reserves and immense potential, have emerged as critical strategic assets in global energy supply. However, the complex challenges posed by high-temperature, high-pressure environments, intricate pore-throat structures, and the coexistence of macro-pores, dissolution cavities, and fractures make traditional exploration and production technologies insufficient to manage such complexity. As exploration and development progress, precise reservoir characterization and seepage behavior research face significant hurdles, including advanced modeling, complex seepage experiments, and accurate description of reservoir properties. Therefore, this review offers an in-depth analysis of the latest developments and key challenges in the characterization and seepage behavior of deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs. It provides a comprehensive summary of cutting?edge methods for detailed microstructural reservoir characterization and multi?attribute seismic interpretation techniques enhanced by artificial intelligence. The paper also explores the application and success of multi?scale characterization approaches in complex reservoirs,while outlining the primary technical strategies and emerging trends in reservoir identification and description. Additionally,the article emphasizes recent advancements in understanding seepage characteristics under high-temperature and high?pressure conditions in deep carbonate reservoirs, focusing on multi-scale seepage theory and gas-water two?phase flow mechanisms. By examining experimental data and theoretical models from both domestic and international research, the review highlights current challenges and future directions in seepage studies, providing valuable insights for the development and efficient exploitation of deep and ultra?deep oil and gas reservoirs.

Key words: Deep, Ultra-deep, Carbonate reservoirs, Reservoir characteristics, Seepage characteristics

摘要：

深层-超深层碳酸盐岩油气资源因其储量丰富、潜力巨大，已成为全球能源供应的重要战略资源。然而，高温高压环境、复杂的孔喉结构，以及微观孔隙、宏观孔隙、溶蚀孔洞和裂缝等多介质的共存，使传统的勘探和开发技术难以应对其复杂性。随着勘探开发的深入，储层描述和渗流研究面临精确表征、复杂渗流实验和建模等难点。为此，详细阐述了深层-超深层碳酸盐岩储层的特征表征与渗流特征研究的最新进展和关键难点；系统总结了储层微观结构的精细刻画方法和基于人工智能的多属性地震表征技术；探讨了多尺度表征在复杂储层中的应用与成效，并梳理了当前储层识别与描述的主要技术路径及其发展趋势；重点汇总了高温高压条件下深层-超深层碳酸盐岩储层的渗流特性研究，涵盖了多尺度渗流理论和气-水两相渗流机理，并分析了国内外研究的实验数据和理论模型；讨论了渗流研究中面临的挑战与未来发展方向，为深层?超深层油气藏开发研究提供了重要参考。

关键词: 深层, 超深层, 碳酸盐岩储层, 储层特征, 渗流特征

CLC Number:

TE122

Yulong ZHAO, Xianyu QIANG, Ruihan ZHANG, Bin ZHU, Xiangyu LIU. Research Progress on Reservoir Characteristics and Seepage Characteristics of Deep and Ultra⁃Deep Carbonate Oil and Gas Reservoirs[J]. Journal of Liaoning Petrochemical University, 2024, 44(5): 44-53.

赵玉龙, 强贤宇, 张芮菡, 朱斌, 刘香禹. 深层⁃超深层碳酸盐岩油气藏储层特征及渗流特征研究进展[J]. 辽宁石油化工大学学报, 2024, 44(5): 44-53.

Figures/Tables 7

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技术方法	应用尺度	优点	局限性
FE⁃SEM	纳米	高分辨率纳米结构表征，表面形貌清晰	只能进行二维表征，样品制备复杂
FIB⁃SEM	纳米	可进行三维孔隙结构表征，尤其适用于复杂结构	成本高，适用样品范围有限
多尺度CT扫描	微米至厘米	可表征不同尺度下的孔隙结构，具有多尺度分析能力	成本极高，复杂度较高，适用于重要样品的研究
压汞孔隙度测定法（MIP）与NMR结合	纳米至微米	结合分形维度，准确描述复杂孔隙结构，提升预测精度	需要结合不同技术，操作复杂，适用性依赖于样品特性

技术方法	应用尺度	优点	局限性
FE⁃SEM	纳米	高分辨率纳米结构表征，表面形貌清晰	只能进行二维表征，样品制备复杂
FIB⁃SEM	纳米	可进行三维孔隙结构表征，尤其适用于复杂结构	成本高，适用样品范围有限
多尺度CT扫描	微米至厘米	可表征不同尺度下的孔隙结构，具有多尺度分析能力	成本极高，复杂度较高，适用于重要样品的研究
压汞孔隙度测定法（MIP）与NMR结合	纳米至微米	结合分形维度，准确描述复杂孔隙结构，提升预测精度	需要结合不同技术，操作复杂，适用性依赖于样品特性

区域	尺度	介质类型	模型类型与方法
微观介质区	小（10⁻⁹~<10⁻⁶ m）	离散介质（孔隙、骨架）	分子结构模型（密度泛函理论、分子动力学、蒙特卡罗方法）、数字岩心（格子玻尔兹曼方法、光滑粒子流体动力学、纳维⁃斯托克斯方程的直接数值模拟）
岩心尺度	中等（10⁻⁶~<10⁻² m）	连续介质（基岩、天然裂缝）	连续介质模型（达西方程、非达西方程）
宏观介质区	大（10⁻²~1 m）	离散介质（大裂缝、溶洞）	离散裂缝（洞）模型（达西方程、N⁃S或Brinkman方程）

区域	尺度	介质类型	模型类型与方法
微观介质区	小（10⁻⁹~<10⁻⁶ m）	离散介质（孔隙、骨架）	分子结构模型（密度泛函理论、分子动力学、蒙特卡罗方法）、数字岩心（格子玻尔兹曼方法、光滑粒子流体动力学、纳维⁃斯托克斯方程的直接数值模拟）
岩心尺度	中等（10⁻⁶~<10⁻² m）	连续介质（基岩、天然裂缝）	连续介质模型（达西方程、非达西方程）
宏观介质区	大（10⁻²~1 m）	离散介质（大裂缝、溶洞）	离散裂缝（洞）模型（达西方程、N⁃S或Brinkman方程）

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[11]	Qin Guoqing, Wang Weiqiang, Fan Yubin, Zhuang Zhenggang, Yu Ruizhe. Analysis of Flow Characteristics in the Pipe of Deep Sea Horizontal Pipe⁃Catenary Riser System [J]. Journal of Liaoning Petrochemical University, 2020, 40(1): 52-58.
[12]	Du Kun，Wang Peng，Li Yang，Jiang Haiyan，Bai Yu. Study on Typical Deep Pumping Processes in Tahe Oilfield [J]. Journal of Liaoning Petrochemical University, 2019, 39(5): 45-52.
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[14]	Mao Yanhong, Wei Min, Liu Dongmei, Wang Haiyan. Development of Deep Desulfurization Process for FCC Gasoline [J]. Journal of Liaoning Petrochemical University, 2016, 36(6): 5-9.
[15]	Qian Zhongwen, Lai Xiaochen, Lai Junling, Luo Genxiang. Synthesis of CuS by Elemental-Direct-Reaction in Deep Eutectic Solvents and Test on Photocatalytic Performance [J]. Journal of Liaoning Petrochemical University, 2016, 36(6): 10-13.