The quaternized chitosan (QCS) was synthesized through the nucleophilic substitution reaction under the conditions was that the chitosan was material and the 2, 3epoxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride was etherifying agents. Dutch positive electricity glomerular polystyrene (PS) microemulsion was synthesized through the emulsion polymerization method and the hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide was cationic quaternary ammonium salt and the potassium persulfate was initiator. Then the anion exchange membrane was synthesized by take the QCS as material and glutaraldehyde as crosslinking agent, at the same time the PS microemulsion was doping into the casting solution. The standard membrane structure was characterized by FTIR. The content of PS microspheres and glutaraldehyde influence on QCS/PS membrane’s water content and ionexchange capacity, etc properties. The results show that the crosslinking agent can effectively inhibit the QCS membrane’s deformation. When the quality percentage of PS microsphere was 35%, swelling ratio was reduced from 68.5% to 25.8% with the increase of crosslinking degree. But at the same time it reduce the QCS/PS membrane’s ionexchange capacity. And PS microspheres will be improved QCS/PS membrane ionexchange capacity, swelling ratio also will be reduced slightly. The water content is 65% and ionexchange capacity is 4.89 mmol/g when the crosslinking degree was 5% and the quality percentage of PS microsphere was 35%. QCS/PS membrane’s overall performance can be optimized.
PETcISMA was prepared from PET which modified by copolyester of isosorbide/maleic anhydride through reactive extrusion. PETcISMA had the similar θg and θm as that of PET and a single phase structure from thermal gravity analysis. PETcISMA with the maximum amount of 30% ISMA could remain the thermal properties of PET. PETcISMA shows higher crystal property than PET for the presence of θc from 125 ℃ to 130 ℃, and hence improved the process characteristics by changing the crystal degree of PETcISMA. Moreover, PETcISMA possessed higher water resistance, better stability in acid or alkaline medium and biodegradation.
Catalyst FA2012 were prepared by the secondary nano selfassembly technique. It has larger pore volume and higher metal dispersity.The crystalline phase structure, microstructure and metal distribution of catalysts were characterized by the XRD,TEM and BET that proved the conclusion of FA2012 was multilayer and formatted nanoparticles.The pore diameter, pore volume and specific surface area of it were 12.3 nm,0.37 cm3/g and 219 m2/g. The metal content of unit volume reactor of FA2012 is about 1/4 of reference agent F2.The results of activity evaluation show that the conversion rate of sulfur, nitrogen, arene and colloid in hydrotreated residue were 61%,16% and 45% by FA2012, respectively. The reference agent were 40%,24% and 25% by F2 in hydrotreated catalytic cracking diesel miscella.It proved that the anti coking performance of FA2012 is better than industrial catalyst F2.
Adopting nano selfassembly method of the second time to prepare nano selfassembly catalyst, the pore size of the catalyst , the pore size distribution and specific surface were analyzed by using adsorption method of N2，It was found that the aperture of nano selfassembly catalyst almost concentrated in 30-100 nm by comparing the basic property, accounting for 36.13% of the catalyst total pore size.Using catalytic diesel oil as raw material, the activity of nano selfassembly catalyst and reference dose which were desulfurization, denitrification, aromatics saturation were evaluated in microreactor. The results show that after the reaction of 20 s, the desulfurization rate of nano selfassembly catalyst is 90.13%, denitrification rate is 92.62%, aromatics saturation rate is 73.18%.
A series of Nmethylimidazolium hydrosulfate type of ionic liquids (ILs) bearing different length of alkyl chains were synthesized. The ionic liquids were applied both as extracting reagent and catalyst for the model or true oil desulfurization using hydrogen peroxide (35%) as the oxidant. The desulfurization conditions were optimized by varying extraction time, the ratio of ILs/oil, temperature and so on. Under the optimal conditions, the ILs were also used for the desulfurization of FCC gasoline and diesel. The results show that, ［C3mim］HSO4 has the highest desulfurization rate. The best desulfurization rate was obtained after 1.5 hours under the condition of V(［C3mim］HSO4)/V(H2O2 )/V(oil)=1∶1∶30 at 60 ℃ for the model oil (88.38%) and diesel (80%). The sulfur content of FCC gasoline has decreased to 10 μg/g below, which shows a very promising perspective for industrial applications.
The bronsted acidic ionoic liquid (［HSO3pmim］+［HSO4］- ) was synthesized with Nmethylimidazole and 1, 3propyl sulfonic acid lactone. The raw materials and ionoic liquid were characterised by FTIR with KBr, then the absorption peak was analysed serially, the absorption of the chemical bond show that the molecular structure of the product was matched the theoretical structure, so the accurate structure was confirmed. And the reaction conditions of preparation biodiesel from waste cooking oil was optimized, it demonstrated that under the optimum reaction conditions the yield could reach 90.82%, the ionoic liquid could be reused three times.
The standard molar formation and Gibbs free energy and equilibrium constant in each hydrogenation reaction were calculated, and the calculation results show that the temperature is an important factor of thermodynamics. Low reaction temperature in favor of olefins hydrogenation and high reaction temperature is unfavorable. In a subsequent olefins hydrogenation reactions, when choose conditions, it could be used to improve the reaction pressure and reduce the reaction temperature, which can reduce the influence of reaction temperature, and makes olefins hydrogenation reaction to a certain depth.
The vacuum residuum was separated into 6 narrow fractions and an endcut by supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation (SFEF) technology. The group composition distribution and structure of narrow fractions were investigated, provided important basic data for properly using vacuum residue. The results indicate that as the yield of narrow fraction increased, the content of saturates decreased and that of resins increased, aromatics content increased begin, reaching the maximum, then decreased. There was little asphaltene in every narrow fraction, the content of residual carbon increased, as well as metal content. The average structural parameters of narrow fractions and vacuum residuum were calculated with modified BrownLadner method.
With the method of hydrofluoric acidalkylation(the UOP method), realkylene(C16C19) was reacted. By this reaction, the relevant process data was obtained, the alkylation pilot technology was developed, and the underlying industrialized data was provided. When the reaction temperature is 50 ℃, the reaction pressure is 0.88 MPa, reaction time is 20 min, the amount of substance ratio for benzene and heavy hydride olefinic is 8∶1 and the volume ratio for HF and hydrocarbon is 2∶1, the conversion rate can be the best for 10.4%.
The scCO2 microemulsion was formed by supercritical CO2, water, surfactant AOT and cosurfactant C2H5OH under certain pressure and temperature. The minimum miscible pressure of scCO2 microemulsion and alkanes was determined by a variable volume visible cell. The influences of temperature, water content, carbon number of alkanes and the concentration of AOT on MMP of scCO2microemulsion and alkanes were also studied. The results show that the MMP of scCO2microemulsion and alkanes is obviously lower than that of scCO2and alkanes and the range of decrease of MMP is enlarged with the carbon number of alkanes increasing. With the increasing of AOT concentration, the change of the MMP of scCO2 microemulsion and dodecane is little. When the water content is low, the MMP of scCO2 microemulsion and dodecane is lower than that of scCO2 and dodecane under different temperature. The MMP of scCO2 microemulsion and dodecane increased as temperature being increased.
Tetradecyl sulfobetaine（BE14）and hexadecyl sulfobetaine（BE16） were synthesized by onestep reaction, and the reducing oil/water interfacial tension properties of BE14 and BE16 were investigated in high salinity water. It was found that BE14 and BE16 were found to be compatible with high salinity water. oil/water interfacial tension was reduced to 10-2 mN/m magnitude for 0.011%0.182%（mass fraction）BE14 and ultralow interfacial tension was reached for 0.012%0.078% BE16. Furthermore, it also exhibits ultralow interfacial tension for the mixed systems of 0.039% BE16 and 8002 500 mg/L HPAM.
The geological conditions of methane hydrate reservoir are very complex, and it is difficult to carry out boring sample. The experimental system of methane hydrate formation and dissociation was designed and constructed, and the formation and dissociation characteristics of methane hydrate within porous media were studied by experiments. The phase equilibrium curve was measured. The methane hydrate dissociation experiments by depressurization were performed. The results show that heat transfer is main controlling factors which affect methane hydrate dissociation bearing porous media with high permeability.
With multipolymer, crosslinking agent and stabilizing agent as the raw material, a selective geltype plugging agent with heat resistance and salt tolerance was prepared in laboratory in order to solve the flooding problems of medium to high temperature(≥70 ℃) oil wells in Changqing oilfield. The optimum composition was determined as follows: multipolymer 0.6%, crosslinking agent 0.2%, and stabilizing agent 0.1%. Gelling experiment, pheological experiment and core flow experiment were carried out to characterize the performances of DQ4 system. The results show that the performances of DQ4 system have met the field application requirements. 11 wells in Changqing oilfield were plugged with the plugging agent in 20102011, the effective rate is 72.7%, and the total increased oil is 2 023.38 t. The economical benefit was satisfied.
Experiments were carried out to investigate the droplet jetting in oil under high voltage AC electric field with different types of white oil and water. With a micro highspeed camera system and image processing technology, the jetting of droplet was observed and analyzed. The results indicate that the droplet jetting is mainly affected by electric field strength, frequency, viscosity and interfacial tension. The critical cone angel of jetting is about 38°, which is only related to dielectric constant of oil and water. When frequency and oil viscosity is increased and interfacial tension is decreased the subdrops departing from mother drop will be smaller and distribute in a smaller angle. As droplet diameter and viscosity increasing, jetting time of small droplets increase. In oil with lower viscosity, the jetting time increase with the decrease of frequency. Jetting quantity of droplet increases with the increase of droplet diameter.
Through building the pipeline model, giving the boundary conditions and setting up the solver in Fluent software, analyze the character of mixture gas using species transport model. Through the analysis result know that the shape of the mixture gas changes from the shape of straight line to the shape of bullet as the inlet velocity increases. The concentration of nitrogen decreases with line regular pattern in the axis direction, as time goes, the diffusion range is spreading; the nitrogen replacement velocity increases with the increasing of inlet velocity, at the beginning of the replacement, the increasing rate of the mixture length is faster than latter. The replacement length increases as time goes, the faster the replacement velocity the higher increasing ratio of the replacement length, and the replacement efficiency is increasing as the inlet velocity increases, but the ratio is decreasing.
Both situations in and around the waxy crude oil pipeline are complex, which affect the thermodynamic properties of the waxy crude oil pipeline under different conditions greatly. According to this, the waxy crude oil pipeline with special pipe sections was studied in detail. Heat differential equations of hot oil pipeline under different conditions were solved by means of finite element method, and a kind of ingenious method was proposed in dealing with the special pipe sections. At last, effect of special pipe sections for the thermodynamic properties of the waxy crude oil pipeline was discussed. The results indicate that the temperature of the oil along the pipeline which is in stable operation become higher with wax deposit layer, but the cooling rate of oil in shutdown pipelines increases. The existence of immersed section make the oil temperature much lower no matter what the situation of the pipeline is, which hinders the restart of the shutdown pipeline greatly.
The heat transfer was analyzed for undergrand super heat oil pieline, and the pipeline and soil temperature field model was eatablished， a numerical simulation was proceeded. Then through compared the field experiment data collection with the results of numerical simulation， the results show that the current insulation measures can meet the engineering requirements.
The multiobjective optimization problem of gas fractionation unit was discussed. A steady state model was developed to simulate the gas fractionation unit by using a simulator PROII. The analog data was combined with multiple linear regression theory to identify model parameters of gas fractionation unit and establish its multiobjective optimization model. This study used the energy consumption; production output and product recovery as the objective function of multiobjective optimization. The nondominate sorting genetic algorithm (NSGAII) was used to solve the multiobjective optimization model and get pareto optimal solution sets. The optimization results show that it can increase the production of product and decrease energy consumption and emission of propylene by optimizing the operational conditions. The calculation results prove this algorithm had good feasibility validity and versatility. This optimal method can provide operational device and effective guidance tools in gas fractionation unit and other rectification devices.
