Cu(Ⅰ)Y zeolites was prepared with liquid phase ion exchange under the condition of N2 at high temperature．The desulfurization of different sulfur compounds was studied on the Cu(Ⅰ)Y zeolites in a fixed bed adsorber at ambient temperature and pressure and a SCD GC . The results show that the performance of the compounds decreases as follows: benzothiophene (BT) >dibenzothiophene(DBT) >4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) >thiophene (TP) . For the same purpose the adsorption was also calculated in terms of density functional theory (DFT) . The results show the adsorption energies of the thiophenic compounds as follows: benzothiophen (BT) -96.4 kJ/mol, dibenzothiophene (DBT) -88.5 kJ/mol, thiophene (TP) -111.5 kJ/mol, 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene (4,6-DMDBT) -83.7 kJ/mol. The results agree with the experiments.
In the presence of the initiator benzoyl peroxide (BPO), maleic anhydride (MAH) was grafted onto a kind of H-1 type fischer-tropsch wax by melt grafting process to improve the hardness and other indicators of Fischer-Tropsch wax. The experimental results show that, when the reaction lasted for 20 min at the reaction temperature of 140 ℃, the amount of maleic anhydride （MAH）was 5.0 g and the amount of initiator （BPO）was 4.0 g, the grafting rate reached 1.53% while the product's penetration degree was 1.6(0.1 mm). From the infrared spectroscopy (IR), we can see that MAH had been successfully grafted to the fischer-tropsch wax.
Silica-supported H3PW12O40 (e.g. PW12/SiO2) catalysts were prepared in the sol-gel method to solve the problems of H3PW12O40 such as low surface area, difficult separation, and reuse. The catalysts were characterized by XRD and N2-adsorption, their catalytic performance for the condensation of benzaldehyde with glycerol evaluated. The effects of calcination temperature of catalyst, PW12 loading, catalyst dosage and reaction time were investigated. The results show that PW12/SiO2(550 ℃) solid acid have a mean grain size of 20.9~26.4 nm which are typically amorphous. The nanoparticles have high catalytic activity and stability for synthesizing benzaldehyde glycerol acetals. The optimum conditions are as follows: the catalyst calcination temperature is 550 ℃, PW12 loading (mass fraction ) is 10%, the catalyst dosage is 0.5 g, n(benzaldehyde)∶n(glycerol)=1∶1.1, the volume of toluene is 15 mL, the reaction time is 2.0 h. Under these conditions, the conversion of benzaldehyde is 99.2%. Obviouslyy, the unique structure of the Keggin anions and surface acid center and the high specific surface area and the pseudoliquid phase of PW12/SiO2 play an important role in the condensation of benzaldehyde with glycerol.
The analytical methods, using microwave plasma torch as excitation light source, argon as supporting gas and peneumatic nebulization sampling system, for Cu and Fe metal elements in cucumber-seed oils by Microwave plasma torch atomic emission spectrometry (MPT-AES) was studied. The detection experimental parameters, including microwave forward power，flow rate of carrier gas and support gas, acid concentration of HNO3 and HClO4 on the detections were investigated, and coexistent ions to the emission strength of metal elements of Cu, Fe were optimized. The detection limits of mass concentration of Cu, Fe were 5.3 and 22.1 ug / L, RSD (n=6) <5%, and measured their recovery rates were 97.4% and 102.8%, and the accuracy of the method was identified by standard addition recovery. The results show that, the Cu, Fe of cucumber-seed oil of MPT-AES determination is simple, high degree of automation, low running costs, quickly and accurately. Therefore it is a well-established analytical method.
The extraction of formic acid in the waste water was investigated with N235 ethyl benzene and kerosene. The removal rate of acid through three extractions was up to 96%. Through cubical extraction, the extraction ratio of acid is up to 96%. Then the rest water was treated with the activated carbon. The rest acids are removed from the extraction phase by anti-extraction, the value of COD decreased to the level for biochemical treatment.
Based on the analysis of the composition and size distribution of oily sludge taken from Xianhe block Sheng-li oil field and with dispersing agent、solidification agent and suspension agnet added, a study of developing oily sludge into high temperature profie agnet was conducted. The experimental show that at the temperature of oil reservoir, the densifying time of this kind profile agent was up to 20 h and 7% of water was separated out after setting quietly for 15 h. Therefore the requirement for profiling process field could be met. Indoor experimental results show that the break-through pressure, after oily sludge profile agent was injected and waited for 3 d, was above 7 MPa. Meanwhile the block-off ratio arrived to 99%, which remained constant after being flushed for 100 PV by 200 ℃ vapors，it's permeability increasing a little. This proves that oily sludge high temperature profile agent has so good a profiling effect that harmless processing and resource aim can be achieved.
A new Nickel(Ⅱ) complex was sythesized with 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone and NiCl2 used as raw materials, and characterized through IR, TG, UV. The results show that the complex ratio of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone to Nickel(Ⅱ) is 1∶2; the metal ion coordinates with oxygen atoms of -C=O and next to -OH group. Meanwhile, its thermal decomposition process is divided into three weightless stages during 120～630 ℃, of which 120～258 ℃ is the process of a coordinated water lost, and 258～630 ℃ has two thermal decomposition stages. Finally, the complex is decomposed into NiO. UV analysis indicates that thermal stability of the complex is better than that of 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone. The complex remains the quality of absorbing ultraviolet radiation.
Nb-SBA-15 mesoporous molecular sieve was synthesized in the co-impregnation method. The sample was characterized by XRD and BET, showing: Nb-SBA-15 melecular sieve had still highly ordered two-diemensional hexagonal mesoporous structure. The investigation on Nb-SBA-15 synthesis of isoproyl oleic shows that the mass fraction of Nb is 15%, molar ratio of alcohol and oleic acid is 2.5∶1，reaction temperature is 170 ℃，reaction time is 4 h, the yield of isoproyl oleic is up to 64.24%.
Acrylic ester emulsion was polymerized in the Discover Organic Synthesizing System with methyl methacrylate(MMA) and butyl acrylate(BA)as polymerizing monomer, potassium peroxydisulfate (KPS) as evocating agent, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as emulsifier. In the process the mass of KPS, SDS, MMA and BA, as well as reaction temperature were separately inspected in detail so that the influence of microwave power on emulsion polymerization and a kinetic study of microwave polymerization had been conducted. The property and structure of polymerization emulsion was determined and characterized with thermogravimetrie analyzer(TGA)，differential scanning calorimeter(DSC) and FT-IR. The results of the experiments show that microwave power is 60 W, the mass of KPS, SDS, MMA and BA is 0.06 g, 0.27 g , 0.3 g and 0.3 g respectively; reaction temperature is 343 K; the activation energy of reaction is Ea=96.957 1 kJ/mol; the kinetics equation, Rp=k\[n(KPS)\]1.107 9\[n(SDS)\]0.616 4\[n(MMA)\]1.205 9\[n(BA)\]-0.228 is established for single mode focusing microwave irradiation emulsion polymerization.
SO2-4/ZrO2-SBA-15 catalyst was directly synthesized and characterized with XRD, BET and NH3-TPD. The results showed that this catalyst presents the typical mesoporous structure of SBA-15 and super acidity. This catalyst was used in the synthesis of ethyl tertiary butyl ether (ETBE) with ethanol and tert-butyl alcohol as raw materials on the fixed bed reactor. Its catalytic activity turns out superior to some other kinds of microporous zeolites, such as ZSM-5, USY and mordenite.
The methyl methacrylate (MMA) was synthesized by precision microwave organic synthesis system and its single-mode focusing microwave radiation technology, synchronized Pneumatic gas cooling technology. In the experiment, 2-methyl acrylate and methyl alcohol were used as materials, sulphuric acid as a catalyst for esterification, and hydroquinone as a polymerization inhibitor. Under Discover precision microwave organic synthesis system standard mode, the mol ratio of reaction, the reaction power, the reaction time, and other factors were investigated. The experimental results show that the optimal conditions of microwave heating are as follows: The reaction temperature 70 ℃, the ratio of 2-methyl acrylate and methyl alcohol 1∶2, the power 100 W, the reaction time 30 min, the yield 88%.
The silica sulfonic acid(SiO2-SO3H) sold acid catalysts was prepared with chlorosulfonic acid reacting with the silica prepared in sol-gel method. The catalyst was used for the transesterification of soybean and ethanol to form biodiesel. Experiments have proved that the yield of ethyl esters reached over 95.6% under the condition: treatment of catalyst at 120 ℃, molar ratio of ethanol and oil is 6∶1, the mass fraction of catalyst in oil 5.0%, the mass fraction of heptane in oil 30.0% and refluxe time 6.0 h. The results show that the catalyst so prepared has a better adaptability than the solid bases catalysts to the acidity of raw oil.
It is very important to accurately forecast the change of soil temperature field around underground pipeline and inside pipeline oil temperature for drawing up scientific and reasonable crude oil transportation craft. To increase the accuracy of estimate, outside pipeline environment and inside pipeline oil temperature as well as various other factors should be taken into consideration during the calculating process. The temperature field of soil around underground pipeline in the process of cool and hot crude oil alternative transportation was numerically simulated by using finite elements method; the soil temperature distributions around pipeline and inside pipeline oil temperature at different time were obtained. Through analyzing the calculation results, it turns out that oil-line temperature, oil-line time and heat accumulation of soil influence inside pipeline oil temperature. When drawing up the craft of cool and hot crude oil alternative transportation, the influence should be considered.
The 400 MPa ultrafine grained steel strip with thickness of 8 mm was connected by CO2+Ar arc welding under single-pass welding and double-pass welding, and the low-temperature toughness for weld joints was investigated by series impact test. The experimental results show that the low-temperature toughness for weld is worse among the weld joint. The low-temperature toughness for weld joint by double-pass welding is better than that of single-pass welding, and its heat affected zone(HAZ) is decreased because smaller heat input reduces grain growth coarsening.
The fractal interpolation method based on affine transformation is a kind of method of fractal interpolation function by iterative function system (IFS). Through the derivation, the fractal interpolation function model was introduced. And a GM(1,1) model was established to predict oil and gas pipeline corrosion. Prediction accuracy and case analysis show that the result accords with the ideal. It indicates that when the original data is missing, grey prediction can still be used; it has certain practical value to take corresponding measures to provide reliable basis for preventing corrosion.
Different effects to the shear bond strength of epoxy adhesive coating in several surface treatment methods were studied in the experiments where mechanical processing, acid pickling, cold parkerizing process and coupling treatment methods were used. According to the experimental data, the relationship curve between the surface roughness and shear bond strength of epoxy adhesive coating was mapped, and a detailed theoretical analysis after comparing the test results was made. The results show that the two methods of cold parkerizing process and coupling treatment can improve the shear bond strength of epoxy adhesive coating significantly.
Three-dimensional clouds for rendering natural scenes are essential. 3D Simplex noise technology is a new kind of noise generation method which is improved by 3D Perlin noise. 3D Simplex noise technology was used to generate 3D noise gray-scale images. Through the noisy image sharpening and color conversion, the 3D Simplex noise images were converted to blue sky and white clouds images, and finally with time function of the GLSL shading language, the fluttering clouds were achieved. The experiment results show that the 3D Simplex noise is low computational complexity to generate realistic images of the cloud and the generated realistic images of the cloud are effective.
A predictive control method based on differential evolution was put forward in connection with changing parameters nonlinear model. By using neural network and accord as input and output data of the system, a predictive model was established. And then differential evolution algorithm was used to do rolling optimization and improve system performance accordingly. At last, GA and DE were used respectively to do predictive simulation to realize the rolling optimization and compare the two results. The two simulation results show that the rolling optimization of predictive control based on DE is better than that based on GA on the whole.
Large amount of information on the Web is stored as HTML documents. Traditional web page data extraction method is to use Wrapper to collect data of interest. Wrapper need the knowledge acquisition of pattern recognition, which is a time and effort consuming work, and needs high intelligence. Based on the structure features of news web pages, and from the visual perspective, the web page's space structure was partitioned into noise and information entities. A method of extracting news web pages principal part was discussed, according to the hierarchical structure and node statistical information. The traditional DOM model was improved, and the hierarchy and style attribute to distinguishing the noise and principal parts were added。Some statistic information was added to the DOM node. By utilizing the special format of news headlines and time string, a method, which combines positive information extraction and negative noise reducing, to get structured data from news web pages was proposed and implemented. Experiments show that it is effective to use the method to extract the information of news.
The work process of the plastic extrusion machine and the characteristic of the tension control in the product line of BOPP were introduced. Aiming at the current problem of tension control in extrusion machine, a project was proposed that applied the frequency control technique to the tension control of extrusion machine. The practical test shows that the project of applying VG7 inverter in the extrusion machine can realize the constant tension control, improve the adjustable frequency precision, decrease the cost and operate conveniently, run steadily, and has great market value.
A simple modified Smith predictor controller design was proposed for integrating processes with long dead time. The overall control structure introduced two physically meaningful tuning parameters. One was used to set the speed of the closed-loop servo response and the other was used to set the performance of the load response. A simple controller tuning method was also developed to obtain the PI tuning parameters. With a given estimation of the unmatched model, the stability region of the tuning parameter was estimated. Two examples were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method.
In the three-dimensional visual scene based on DirectX, a method of entity picking using the mouse was introduced. According to the shape characteristics of entities in the scene, the different methods of bounding entity picking were taken. In the three-dimensional visual warehouse, bounding box can be used especially for the entity models with some special shape, and the interactive function between mouse and three-dimensional visual scene can be also accomplished. Finally, the result shows that the program can run with greater efficiency with this method.
When the crystal field exists, the mixed spin Ising model in nearest neighbor interaction with Fe4N structure was studied within the mean field theory. The theoretic expressions of magnetization and free energy in the nearest neighbor interaction system were deduced. The influences of the nearest interactions and the crystal field on the magnetic properties were mainly explored. The ground-state phase diagram and magnetization curves in finite temperature were obtained. Abundant phase transition characters were observed in the system: reentrantant phenomena, and second-order phase transitions. It is found that second-order phase transitions are general phenomena, and second-order phase transitions must exist in the system when DA/|J1| and DB/|J1| get the adequate large values. On the boundary lines of D1 to O1and D2 to O1、O2 reentrantant phenomena may occur.
Differential operator elimination method was applied to solve the Maxwell's system of partial differential equations obtain to the general expressions of transverse permeability for magnetic ribbons. The expressions of transverse permeability for magnetic ribbons were found out in driving current full frequency section with the Landau-Lifshite equation. The results show that under the alternating magnetization the transverse permeability of ribbons relate to external magnetic field and driver electric current frequency，and has be orientation-related relativity as well.
ARCH model, GARCH model and GARCH-M model were introduced, and the character of ARCH-type model was analyzed. Shanghai stock market composite price index was regarded as the main study object, and the time vary of return rate on Shanghai stock market composite price index was analyzed by using the ARCH model and the statistic software Eviews. The empirical conclusion indicates that GARCH(1,1) model can fit the volatility of return rate in Shanghai stock market, such as volatility clustering, long-memory character and so on; GARCH(1,1)－M can also describe the relation between risks and return in stock markets.
On the assumption that between independent directors and shareholders were agency relationship, three variables including independent directors' moral level, individual ability, information transmission mechanism were introduced which were based on the corporate governance mechanism allocation of powers, counter balance and the theory of incentives. Independent directors were risk neutral, then the company revenue maximization was equivalent to the effectiveness maximization of independent directors. All the shareholders made agreement on the selection of independent directors. Managers would damage the interests of shareholders without supervision of council. Independent directors were economic-beings that would maximize their own effectiveness. The mathematical models of operational mechanism were built by using output function, cost function and profit maximization. Through the analysis on mathematical model the result of Chinese independent director system operational mechanism was explained and tested.
