Solid acid catalyst NaHSO4·SiO2 was prepared by sol-gel method from NaHSO4·SiO2, TEOS and isopropyl alcohol, and applied in the biodiesel production with the esterification reaction of oleic acid and methanol. The factors including catalyst calcination temperature, NaHSO4 loading, reaction time, catalyst amount, reactants molar ratio methanol to oleic acid on the biodiesel yield were investigated. The experimental results show that solid acid catalyst NaHSO4·SiO2 has high catalytic activity, the esterification reaction conversion can reach 95.19% under the following optimal conditions: catalyst calcination temperature 200 ℃, NaHSO4 loading 15.0%, reaction time of 5.0 h, n(methanol)∶n(oleic acid)= 10∶1 and weight ratio of catalyst to oleic acid 10∶1.
Borate esters were prepared as anti-wear lubricants additives from stearic acid, diethanolamine and boric acid and characterized by infrared spectroscopy. Their optimum preparation conditions were determined by examining molecular ratio of reactants, amount of sodium hydroxide[KG*3]and[KG*3]so[KG*3]on.[KG*3]The[KG*3]experimental[KG*3]results[KG*3]show[KG*2]that[KG*2]the[KG*2]yield[KG*2]of[KG*2]borate[KG*2]esters[KG*2]can[KG*2]reach 43.33% under the optimum conditions: mole ratio of stearic acid, diethanolamine to boric acid 1.0∶1.1∶1.0, reaction temperature 105~110 ℃, reaction time 11 h. At the meanwhile, the effect of adding amount of lubricant additives on anti-wear performance of the lubricant base oil agents was also studied and find that when the mass fraction of nitrogen-containing borate ester 0.25% was adding in the liquid paraffin, PB value can reach 697.9 N, minimum wear scar diameter is 0.49 mm, the friction coefficient reduces by 0.017 as compared with that of liquid paraffin oil.
Furfural extraction oil, ethylene tar and vacuum residue were studied in this paper, the three kinds of oil were blended under laboratory conditions, the viscosities were determined on a certain temperature, and the causes of viscosity change were analyzed by using petroleum disperse system theory. The results show that, when the volume ratio of furfural extraction oil, ethylene tar to vacuum residue are 3∶5∶1, 1∶3∶1, 2∶5∶1 and 1∶5∶1, the viscosity, flash-point and stability are all up to the standard of marine fuel.
2-Phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine was prepared from 1,8-naphthalenediamin and benzaldehyde was studied by using vitamin B1 as catalysts, using ethanol as the reaction solvent, and then characterized by MP and IR. The effects of reaction temperature, stirring time, the amount of catalysts and the mole ratio of reactants on the yields of 2-Phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine were investigated. The results show that the yield of 2-Phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine can reach 91.4%, under the following optimal conditions: electromagnetic stirring 0.1 mol 1,8-naphthalenediamin, the mass fraction of vitamin B1 0.8%, molar ratio of benzaldehyde to 1,8-naphthalenediamin 1.2∶1, temperature 30 ℃ and reaction time 15 min. This demonstrated that vitamin B1 had good catalytic activity.
Crumb rubber and styrene tar were used to modify asphalt of Liaohe Oilfield asphalt by high shearing technology, the rolling thin film oven test was preformed and check the changes of softening point、needle penetration, delay degree according to different aging time and rubber powder content in rubber asphalt. Then homemade renewable agent additive was added in aged rubber modified asphalt to test its performance.The experimental results show that the mass fraction of rubber content 15% anti-aging properties is preferred and reach the state road asphalt No.140 standards.
MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether), is an additive with high octane number (RON118, MON101), low vapor pressure and similar calorific value with the hydrocarbon, it can be with methanol gasoline miscible in any proportion and can increase the tolerance on water and layered ability of methanol gasoline. According to vehicle M15 methanol gasoline local standard, the influence of methanol and MTBE dosages on vehicle gasoline properties was studied to blend new M15 vehicle methanol gasoline which can reach the requirements of automobile engine usability. The results show that when the addition of MTBE is 50%, water tolerance of M15 is about 3.0%, and 1.5% water content of M15 is not layered in condition of -38 ℃.
Active solid base catalyst was prepared from waste eggshell and characterized by TGA-DTA and BET analysis, and then applied to produce methyl esters of soybean oil from soybean oil and methanol. The effects of reaction temperature, molar ratio of methanol to soybean oil, catalyst dosage (weight ratio of catalyst to oil) and reaction time on the transesterification performance were investigated. A high biodiesel yield (98.9%) can be obtained at a molar ratio of methanol to oil 10∶1, the mass fraction of catalyst 3.0%, firing temperature 950 ℃ for 3.0 h. Further, reusability of the prepared catalyst was investigated under the optimal reacting condition, the experimental results show that the catalyst maintained high catalytic activity and higher biodiesel yield (>98%) is obtained even after recyc1ing 13 times.
Taking crude oil from Inner Mongolia oil sands as an example, dehydration by adding demulsifier and heating settlement combined methods are used to study the optimum operation conditions. The results show that water can be effective removed from the oil-sands oil at 90 ℃ for 5 h, and the water content can be reduced to 1%.
Crude oil from Oilfield mined containing certain amount of water, so it need to be done oil - water separation that its moisture content reach requirements and will be on the market. Due to other methods having some shortcomings, physical separation is widely used. Spiral pipe separator has the character of simpler structure and lighter weight, becoming one of the most common centrifugal separation methods. Adapting computational fluid dynamics of VOF model, using the simulation software, oil - water separation of different inlet velocity in spiral pipe was simulated, and the oil - water separation rule was obtained. The farther from the axis, the speed is smaller and the lesser velocity the evener distribution. The most regional of water and phase distribution appeared in each lap nearly entry outside. Oil - water separation is in a cyclical along with the axial. It supplies spiral pipe separation and improvement provides with a theoretical.
Indexes System of ecological pressure for resource-based and heavy industrial city was established, and the common factor and weight of the indexes were confirmed by factor analysis. Based on 2000-2009 data of Fushun, ecological pressure and of Fushun were analyzed and evaluated. The results show that ecological pressure index increased from -1.089 to 1.363 and an increasing trend on the whole was exhibited during 2000-2009, especially after 2006, the ecological pressure grew in a straight line. Population density, industrial waste water discharge and chemical fertilizer consumption are the important factors influencing the ecological pressure index.
The Study on leakage of gas pipeline is to analyze and evaluate qualitatively and quantificationally the possible hazards. Based on FLUENT software established 3D leakage models with GAMBIT and simulated The leakage and release of sulfur natural gas pipeline at the state of 3D.The results show that the danger zone is greatly increased because of the presence of hydrogen sulfide simultaneously, at the condition of free diffusion. The leaked gas is mainly stayed at the upper of leak hole and has minor hazard zone, at the condition of wind. The hazard zone moved to downwind zone and gas gathered zone was formed but the direction of the wind had much less gas. Therefore, at the process of sulfur natural gas pipeline the hydrogen sulfide and wind lead to the increase of danger zone.
The rotor system often operates in the harsh conditions of high speed, temperature and pressure and its force is very complex. The dynamics model of the rotor system with multi degree of freedom was established by using the finite element method. The vibration modes and the effect of rotor support stiffness on critical speed of the rotor system were studied. Moreover, the comparisons of unbalance response in considering and ignoring the complex temperature for the rotor were employed. The results show that he rotor system response amplitude increased significantly when the complex the temperature field is considered. With the start-up time increases, the amplitudes of the rotor system are gradually increased. When the start time exceeds 15 s, the amplitude is increased almost linearly.
According to changing the type of oil in the process of transportation by the above ground pipeline, which may cause the pipe rack bending and thermal stress damage. The thermal expansion and thermal thrust of the compensator which has an important effect on the pipe rack bending were analyzed. Thereby, the axial horizontal displacement and horizontal thrust were determined. Clear and definite the reason for pipe rack bending. Combined with the type of medium transport in the pipe, the medium temperature, the pipe model, the pipe arrangement craft and other factors, the thermal stress of pipe and the allowable stress range were determined, To judged whether the pipe will produce destructive thermal stress and by the experience formula for further confirmation.
Polymer flooding is widely used in oil fields, and the good result is achieved. However, with the increase of the total polymer injected into the well, the formation is plugged seriously near the injection well, the pressure of injection becomes high, the ability of injection becomes low, the overall situation of injection becomes poor, and ultimately the oil recovery efficiency is influenced by this situation. The strong antioxidant use is a conventional degradation method, the effect is very good, but security risks are existed in the processing of dealing with the oil well. For the above problems, a thought of disposing polymer plug with surfactant was presented. Through the experimental methods, the degradation effect of polymer on various surfactants was analyzed and evaluated, thus a new formula of the water block remover was developed. Through the simulation experiment on core, the effects of water block remover were evaluated, and the results show that the effects are so greatly obvious.
According to the characteristics of the spiral groove tube lines，to the oil for medium, the three-dimensional spiral groove line of physical and mathematical model were built up, using SIMPLE algorithm, the flow process of the single-phase oil medium in three-dimensional spiral groove grain tube numerically was simulated. Using Realiable k-ε model for the turbulence model, revealed the flow pattern of oil by the influence of spiral groove in grain. The simulation results show that oil in the spiral groove grain tube exchange heat mainly by the way of strengthening the disturbance near the surface layer of fluid, heat exchange inside the tube is strengthened. It simulates the rate of the resistance loss coefficient of spiral groove grain tube and that about smooth tube which is about 4, which experimental data error is smaller. The simulation provides certain theoretical basis to optimize for heat exchanger design parameter which using oil for medium, and to improve the heat transfer efficiency.
Liaohe Oilfield TESHI pipeline for Thermal oil undertake a significant transportation task, to prevent corrosion is the primary means of protection for the pipeline. Cathode protection of buried pipelines is one of the best corrosion-proof methods. So far, the main way of evaluating and measuring cathode protection is potential measurement. Using specimens are able to be more convenient to measure the potential, the corrosion rate and protection level under cathode protection were obtained by the methods of polarization and potential decline measurement, which is beneficial to monitor and control real-time cathode protection.
Gd2O2S:Dy3+ phosphors were synthesized by a homogeneous precipitation method from Gd2O3, Dy2O3, H2SO4 and Urea starting materials. The characterizations of Gd2O2S:Dy3+ phosphors were investigated by means of XRD, FE-SEM and PL spectra. XRD analysis shows that the precursor can be transformed into pure Gd2O2S powder by calcining at 900 ℃ for 1 h in hydrogen. FE-SEM observation shows that the Gd2O2S powder particles are quasi-spherical in shape, with a mean particle size of about 300~500 nm. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy reveals that the main and second emission peaks are located at 579 nm and 488 nm under 270 nm UV light excitation, which corresponds to the 4 F9/2→6H13/2 and the 4F9/2→6H15/2 transitions of Dy3+ ions, and both transitions of Dy3+ ions have a single exponential decay behavior. The quenching concentration of Dy3+ ions is 1 %. The CIE coordinate and the color temperature of (Gd0.99,Dy0.01)2 O2S phosphor are (0.308, 0.379, 0.313）and 6 464 K respectively.
Using the order “Wipeout” in AutoCAD to set up a graphic symbol database in chemical engineering equipment with a two dimension graphs conceal function. The method for established the hidden boundaries was introduced, and the hidden problem of non-closed boundary graphic symbol was resolved. Compare the method with the usually breaks in on lines to set up a graphic symbol database in chemical engineering equipment, It does not affect graphic edit again because that is not necessary to breaks in on lines. The method is more efficiently, and the program was written by AutoLISP in AutoCAD.
Alarm verification is a new test item. Verification regulations and methods and means are necessary to be improved and perfected. At present, the works of the ventilation and reading during the detection are completed manually. Not only does it need a large number of repetitive works, and is time-consuming and laborious, but also is difficult to guarantee the accuracy and reliability of results. If you will test the stability of the instrument, then more time will be needed. So it is necessary to establish an automated detection device to accomplish the verification and calibration of the gas detector in accordance with the requirements of verification procedures. To meet these needs, a digital detection system with the alarming functional for toxic and harmful gas was designed. The system included three parts of multi-channel gas collection hardware system, mixed gas concentration identification system and detection and control system. By using the measuring technology, electronic technology and computer technology, detection efficiency, reliability and accuracy of test are all improved, and human error is also reduced. The verification regulation is further promoted through the improved detection means.
A direct adaptive predictive control based on T-S fuzzy model was proposed. The structure parameters of T-S fuzzy model were identified online using the weighted recursive least squares method. The identified parameters of fuzzy model were used to directly receive the model predicted output with direct iterative for the T-S model. The algorithm is a good way to resolve the two major problems, modeling and optimization, and provide a guarantee for high-precision control of nonlinear systems. Simulation result shows that the proposed algorithm is an effective control strategy with excellent tracing ability.
The virtual reality design method based on the 3DS MAX and Virtools and the production process of the whole three-dimensional virtual mall were introduced. 3DS Max was used to construct 3D model, then 3D animation was created. In the model construction, levels of detail technology combined with texture mapping were adopted. Not only save creation time of system, but also improve the real-time rendering speed of the scene. In the scene of interaction design, the system adopts the collision detection technology to ensure the real ramble effect，makes users feeling being personally on the scene.
A second-order nonlinear neutral delay differential equation was studied, and some sufficient conditions for existence of positive solutions for this equation were established. The advantage of the results is omitting the restriction condition of for any， must be negative. Furthermore, some examples were presented to illustrated that the results is more effective.
Cointegration model and error correction model were developed based on the economic theory of consumption. The relation between urban consumption level and prices of commercial property were inspected in Liaoning Province. The study results show that the urban consumption level is promoted by the prices of commercial property in the long run and the short-term effect is the inhibition of consumption level due to "squeeze effect". The government should safeguard the healthy development of estate market and promote the rapid stable growth of economic with Liaoning Province by the way of improving the individual disposable income and suppressing house price firmly.
