In the process of heavy oil thermal recovery using SAGD (Steam?Assisted Gravity Drainage) technology, conventional thermal recovery boilers are mainly used for heat generation. When steam is used as the heat?carrying medium, problems such as a short water breakthrough time and low heat utilization efficiency are often encountered, resulting in low oil recovery. Changing the heat generation method to reduce water injection while ensuring heat injection is of great significance for thermal recovery.Based on the analysis of directional chemical reaction products and combined with large?scale three?dimensional physical simulation experiments, the feasibility of directional chemical reactions was verified, the expansion law of the temperature field in directional chemical reaction?assisted SAGD was clarified, and the characteristics of production curves at different mining stages were analyzed and evaluated.The results show that among the products of the directional chemical reaction, the liquid fluid is mainly C₅-C₂₀, and the gaseous substances are mainly CH₄ and CO₂; the final recovery degree of SAGD development assisted by directional chemical reaction products is 76.59%, which is 19.99 percentage points higher than that of pure SAGD. The research further verifies the mechanism of the directional chemical reaction?assisted SAGD efficiency?increasing technology, providing a theoretical basis and technical support for field applications.

The development of clean and renewable energy technologies is seen as the key to addressing energy and environmental issues.Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) plays key roles in storage intermittent energy,such as solar and wind,from water splitting.Recently, OER under neutral conditions receives considerable interests due to its environmental friendliness.However,the efficiency of OER under neutral environment is far below that under alkaline or acidic condition.In this review,the current researchers' understanding of the mechanism of OER under mild pH conditions is firstly outlined.Thereafter,several important characterisation techniques for in situ tracking of the electrocatalytic process of OER are presented,which is crucial to reveal the OER mechanism under neutral conditions.Moreover,an overview over catalytic materials towards neutral OER,including Co?,Ni?,and Mn?based catalysts,is provided.Finally,a brief outlook on the remaining challenges and possible strategies for promoting neutral OER is given.