Transition metal compounds have attracted significant attention as anode materials for lithium⁃ion batteries （LIBs） owing to their high theoretical capacities. Molybdenum⁃based compounds exhibit superior electrical conductivity compared to conventional metal oxides. However, their cycling stability requires further improvement. An ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method was used to prepare self⁃supported MoO2/MoO3/C composite microspheres, and the mass concentration of hydrothermal glucose⁃derived carbon quantum dots was exploited to optimize the microstructures of the composites. A suite of characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X⁃ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to systematically investigate the micromorphology and crystal structural features of the as⁃prepared materials. Lithium storage and electrochemical performance tests were also carried out. The results demonstrate that MoO2/MoO3 heterojunctions are homogeneously embedded within the carbon matrix to form a stable conductive network. After 100 cycles at a current density of 0.2 A/g, the composite retains a discharge specific capacity of 914.8 mA·h/g, exhibiting outstanding cycling stability and lithium storage capability. This study offers an effective approach for designing high⁃performance molybdenum⁃based anode materials for LIBs.