Solid superacid catalyst S₂O {}_{\mathrm{8}}^{\mathrm{2}-} /ZrO₂?CeO₂ was prepared by precipitation impregnation method using zirconium nitrate and cerium nitrate as metal sources.n?Butyl acetate was synthesized through the catalytic esterification of acetic acid and n?butanol over S₂O {}_{\mathrm{8}}^{\mathrm{2}-} /ZrO₂?CeO₂.The effects of catalyst mass,n(alkanol)/n(acid),reaction temperature and reaction time on the catalytic reaction were investigated.The catalyst was characterized by XRD,FT?IR,N₂ adsorption?desorption isotherm and NH₃?TPD.The results indicated that S₂O {}_{\mathrm{8}}^{\mathrm{2}-} /ZrO₂?CeO₂ possesses strong acidity and exhibits superior catalytic activity.The optimal reaction conditions were determined as follows: cerium loading（mass fraction） of 2.0%,catalyst mass of 0.6 g,n(alcohol)/n(acid) molar ratio of 2.0∶1.0,reaction temperature of 115 °C,reaction time of 4.0 h,and ammonium persulfate concentration of 0.5 mol/L.Under these optimal conditions,the esterification rate of n?butyl acetate reached 99.6%.After 5 cycles of repeated use,the conversion rate remained at 59.4%.

To address the issues of low theoretical specific capacity, poor fast?charging performance, and insufficient safety in commercial graphite anode materials, a new type of self?supporting composite electrode was constructed, which achieved an improvement in the comprehensive electrochemical performance of lithium?ion batteries. Using carbon cloth (CC) as a flexible substrate, a Co₃O₄/ZnO heterojunction structure was grown in situ on its surface via the hydrothermal method, followed by heat treatment, successfully preparing a self?supporting Co₃O₄@ZnO//CC anode material. Microstructural and compositional analyses were conducted using characterization techniques such as XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS, while electrochemical tests were employed to evaluate its lithium storage performance. Results demonstrated that the three?dimensional porous nanosheet array of Co₃O₄@ZnO effectively mitigates volume changes and facilitates electron transport. The Co₃O₄@ZnO//CC electrode exhibited an initial discharge and charge specific capacity of 3.96 and 3.28 mA?h/cm2 at 2.00 mA/cm2 current density, respectively, with a coulombic efficiency of 82.83% in the first cycle and a capacity retention rate of 56.40% after 100 cycles. Both its cycling stability and rate performance outperformed those of Co₃O₄//CC and ZnO//CC electrodes.

During the process of water electrolysis,the "bubble effect" will significantly reduce the overall performance of the system.The classical nucleation theory (CNT model） fails to reveal the regulatory mechanism of the electrical double layer (EDL),surface microstructure,and mass transfer synergy on nucleation kinetics in actual electrochemical systems.This study develops an electrode interface bubble nucleation model with the synergistic effect of electrical double layer?mass transfer?surface microstructure,considering the synergistic regulation mechanism of ion migration diffusion behavior,electrode surface nano microstructure,and concentration boundary layer on the nucleation process.The research results show that the synergistic effect of EDL and microporous structurel generates significant potential gradients at the surface micropores,leading to an increase in local supersaturation and prioritizing bubble nucleation.At high overpotentials,the effect of the concentration boundary layer on nucleation energy barrier exhibits a nonlinear relationship.The thinner the concentration boundary layer is,the more significant the decreasing trend of the nucleation rate at high potential will be.The growth of bubbles is dominated by the net concentration flux near the three?phase contact line (TPCL),exhibiting a two?stage growth characteristic.The study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing the surface design of gas evolution electrodes.

Using ammonium metatungstate and copper acetate as raw materials,the precursors with different morphology were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method by controlling the doping ratio.Then,combined with high temperature annealing method,the in?situ growth of Cu?WN?5∶1 was successfully realized on carbon paper.The morphology and structure of the samples were characterized by SEM,TEM,XRD and XPS,and then the hydrogen evolution performance of the catalyst was evaluated by electrochemical testing methods.The results show that the doping ratio of W and Cu (n(W)/n(Cu)） has a significant effect on the hydrogen evolution performance of the catalyst,in which the optimal hydrogen precipitation activity is achieved when n(W)/n(Cu) is 5∶1.The successful doping of Cu increases the number of active sites by changing the electronic structure of WN,accelerates the charge transfer rate in the catalytic process,which in turn improves the HER activity of the material.The required overpotential of Cu?WN?5∶1 at 1.0 mol/L KOH with a current density of 10 mA/cm² is 195 mV,and the Tafel slope is 192 mV/dec,which indicates that Cu?WN?5∶1 has a fast kinetic rate of electrochemical hydrogen precipitation reaction;the material has been continuously reacted for 36 h under the condition of 1.0 mol/L KOH,and it exhibits excellent long?term stability.