The conversion of CO₂ to dimethyl carbonate (DMC) represents a promising route for sustainable synthesis and carbon resource utilization. In this study, a series of Zr-doped CeO₂ catalysts derived from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) via hydrothermal synthesis were applied to the direct synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH. The effects of varying Zr doping levels (molar fraction, the same below) on catalytic performance were systematically investigated, and the optimal Zr doping amount was determined. The catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption-desorption, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to elucidate their crystal phase, morphology, surface chemical states, and correlations between these properties and catalytic activity. Using the Zr/CeO? catalyst with a 2% Zr doping level, the optimal process conditions for DMC synthesis from CO? and CH?OH were investigated. The results indicate that under the conditions of 140 °C, an initial CO₂ pressure of 3 MPa, and a reaction time of 2 hours, the Zr/CeO₂ catalyst with a 2% Zr doping content exhibits the highest CH₃OH conversion rate and DMC production.

The strong stress sensitivity of low permeability oilfield reservoirs leads to serious permeability loss,larger starting pressure gradient,and higher seepage resistance,thereby reducing the water?flooding effects of oilfields.The existing prediction models for water breakthrough time do not consider the stress sensitivity and variable starting pressure gradient at the same time,which results in inconsistency between calculation results and actual situation of mines.Therefore,for the first time,this paper deduced the prediction models for the water breakthrough time of well pattern of five point method,four point method,and inverse nine point method in the condition of unequal row spacing and well spacing considering stress sensitivity and variable starting pressure gradient.The calculation results show that the error of the new model is relatively small,which is more in line with the field practice.The results can guide the adjustment of block measures and provide theoretical support for improving the development of water drive oilfields.