Land-based petroleum spills have the characteristics of sudden occurred, large amount and fast speed of leakage, and wide pollution area, which have caused serious lasting damage to terrestrial ecosystems. This paper summarized the harm of land-based petroleum spills to soil environment and human health, and a method of dealing with oil spills was introduced, including physical and chemical adsorption of inorganic mineral materials and immobilized microorganism treatment technology. In addition, the study focused on the in-situ remediation of land-based petroleum spills in cold environments of China, and the physicchemical adsorption and microbial degradation were organically combined. Besides, the combination of fly ash based zeolite and immobilized microorganisms gave full play to the advantages of high adsorption efficiency of inorganic mineral adsorbent and complete degradation of coldadapted petroleum degrading bacteria. The study can provide scientific basis for treatment of land spilled petroleum under cold environments.

In order to ensure the stable operation of the coal tar suspension bed hydrogenation unit, the asphaltene flocculation and the influencing factors of the raw material were studied. The coal tar asphalt initial floc point determination method was studied, and effects of composition molecular properties and structural parameters of heavy oil on asphaltene flocculation phenomenon in coal tar were analyzed. High temperature coal tar A, middle and low temperature coal tar >320 ℃ heavy fraction B and blending coal tar C（churning oil of A and B）were studied. Initial asphalt flocculation point of sample A, B, C was measured by photometer method. Samples were separated into saturates, aromatic, resin and asphaltene fractions. The coal tars and SARA were characterized by element analysis, molecular weight and NMR. The results showed that these three samples were unstable and asphaltene settled in varying degrees. The colloidal stability order was A>B>C. SARA composition and properties played a decisive role on colloidal stability together. Because sample A had highly condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbon, short and less side chains, large ratio of resin/ asphaltene, the aromaticity and molecular weight of SARA were distribution continuously, so asphaltene dispersion was good. Asphaltene flocculation happened extensively of sample C because of the mismatching of compositions and characters of sample A and B.

Na-ZSM-5 was prepared by in-situ hydrothermal process. H-ZSM-5 (n(Si)/n(Al)=40) molecular sieves were prepared by ion exchange. p-Aminophenol was prepared by Bamberger rearrangement catalyzed by the molecular sieves using phenyl-hydroxylamine as raw material. XRD, FT-IR, N₂ adsorption-desorption, SEM and Py-FTIR techniques were used to study the topological structure, micropore pore size and acidity of Na-ZSM-5 and H-ZSM-5 molecular sieves. The results showed that the prepared molecular sieves had MFI microporous structures with well crystallinity. Py-FTIR technique showed that Na-ZSM-5 had almost no B acid. H-ZSM-5(40) molecular sieve had weaker B acid and L acid. Catalysis performance showed that phenyl-hydroxylamine conversion was low in the presence of ZSM-5 with weaker acidity as catalyst. However, because of its moderate pore size, p-aminophenol selectivity and yield reached as high as 72.48% and 58.75%, respectively. The optimal conditions of p-aminophenol preparation from phenyl-hydroxylamine Bamberger rearrangement were as follows: mass ratio 1∶3 of phenyl-hydroxylamine to H-ZSM-5(40) molecular sieve, optimal reaction temperature of 353 K, optimal reaction time of 2 h, and water as solvent. Phenyl-hydroxylamine conversion and p-aminophenol selectivity were as high as 86.35% and 78.33%, respectively.

Different NaY molecular sieves, including NaY, HY, USY and Ce-USY, were prepared by in situ hydrothermal process, ion exchange and/or hydrothermal treatment. The effects of isologous Y molecular sieves on p-aminophenol preparation from phenyl-hydroxylamine rearrangement were studied. XRD, N₂ adsorptiondesorption and Py-FTIR results showed that although the molecular sieves had differences in crystallinity, they all had the skeleton topology of Y type molecular sieves. The micropore size of HY molecular sieve was about 0.58 nm. NaY molecular sieve had almost no B acid site. For three kinds of other molecular sieves, B acid content ranked in the descending sequence: HY>USY≈Ce-USY, and L acid content ranked in the descending sequence: USY≈Ce-USY>HY. The performance of their catalysts showed that Y-type molecular sieve had the inferior performance, the selectivity and yield of p-aminophenol of target product were less than 15%. So the p-aminophenol product with high yield and purity could be prepared from the smallest amount of reactant only when molecular sieve maintained an appropriate amount of acidity and pore size.