Through the measured effective diffusion coefficient of Dagang vacuum residue supercritical fluid extraction and fractionation(SFEF)fractions in FCC catalysts and SiO2 model catalysts the restricted diffusion factor was calculated.The restricted diffusion factor in FCC cataly stsisless than 1 and it is 2~3 times larger in large pore catalyst than in the conventional FCC catalyst.The results show that the diffusion of SFEF fractions in the two FCC catalysts is restricted by the pore.When the average molecular diameter is less than 1.8 nm,the diffusion of SFEF fractions in SiO2 model catalyst which average pore diameter bigger than 5.6 nm is unrestricted.The diffusion is restricted in the catalyst pores of less than 8 nm for SFEF fractions which diameter more than 1.8 nm.The tortuosity factor of SiO2 model catalyst was obtained to be 2.87,within the range of empirical value.The effective diffusion coefficient of the SFEF fractions in SiO2 model catalyst was two orders of magnitude bigger than that in FCC catalyst with the same average pore diameter.It indicates that besides the ratio of molecular diameter to the pore diameterλ,the effective diffusion coefficient is also closely related to the pore structure of catalyst.Because SiO2 model catalyst has uniform poresize,the diffusion coefficient can be precisely correlated with pore size of catalyst,so it is a good model materia lfor catalyst internal diffusion investigation.
The thermal conductivity of ice formed in SDS solution,hydrate formed by THF and water,sand with different water content,hydrate formed by sand and THF solutions were measured in the laboratory by probe method.The results show that the relation of conductivity and temperature for ice and hydrate are diverse,when the temperature rise,the conductivity of ice drops,the hydrate gives a reverse behavior,This is because they have different construction.For the hydrate formed in the sand and solutions with different concentration of THF,the rate of thermal conductivity changed with temperature are dissimilar,when the temperature raise from -1 ℃ to 2 ℃,the conductivity of hydrate formed in the solution with THF concentration 14.3%,19.0% change from 1.979W/(m·K) and 1.898W/(m·K) to 2.068W/(m·K) and 2.012W/(m·K),the increasing speed are 4.50% and 6.01%,respectively.When the mass persent of THF equal 19.0%,the mole ratio of THF to water is at the most suitable value,and the gas hydrate has the lowest thermal conductivity coefficient.
By the analysis polymer infection wells plugging,the plugging remover ZM - 1 was synthesized with epichlorohydrin and polyethylene polyamines as the main starting materials.The reaction process was studied and the result as follows,the feeding ratio:n(diethylenetriamine)/n(epichlorohydrin)=2.5∶1.0,the reaction temperature is 60 ℃,the reaction time is 6 h.The performance of plugging remover was studied through the core simulation experiment in the room. The experiments show that the plugging remover ZM-1 has effects obviously for the problem of polymer infection wells plugging of Daqing oilfield.The percent of plugging remover can reach 94.2%.
By the way of initiated polymerization in toluene solution,two tercopolymers were prepared from octadecyl acrylate(acrylamide),maleic anhydride and styrolene in molar ratio 6∶1∶2 as pour point depressant A(B),C(D),akind of pour point depressant,was synthesized by alcoholysis (aminolysis) of A(B) by stearyl alcohol(octadecylamine) in the toluene as solvent at 120 ℃.The drop effect of pour point and viscosity of A,B,C and D for the sample to Daqing crude oil was investigated.The study was tested by adding the pour point depressants A,B,C,D to high pour point crude oil of Daqing at a dosage of 0.5%,respectively.The results suggest that the pour point depressants of C & D are more effective than A & B,meanwhile,the combination C+ D is more effective than C and D.After adding C+D in mass ratio 3∶1 to Daqing crude oil, its pour point is lowered by 15℃ and viscosity could be reduced by 58.38%.
The physical properties of Liaohe ageing oil and viscous crude oil were studied and making a basis of their treatment technology.The results show that the heavy oil of Liaohe is medium crude oil but ageing oil is heavy crude oil according to the method of density classify.The result of TBP distillation shows that the initial boiling of heavy oil and ageing is correspond.The gasoline fraction(<200℃)rate of heavy oil and ageing oil are 7.70% and 2.70%,the diesel oil fraction(200~350℃) rate are 19.81% and 10.45%,the wax fraction(350~425℃)are 12.27% and 10.19%,the residual oil fraction (above 425℃) are 6.82% and 13.94%.Heavy oil all fractions rate are higher than ageing oil.The total fraction of heavy oil is 46.60%(to 464℃),but ageing oil is 37.28%(to 500℃).
Take N-methyl imdazole and pyridine as cation,a series of CnMimNTf2(n=2,3,4,5,6) and CnPyNTf2 (n=2,3,4,5,6) ionic liquids were synthesized.The ionic liquids were applied as extractant for model oil desulfurization experiments,with the use of hydrogen peroxide(35%)as oxdant.The extraction ability of ionic liquids towards thiophenein the model oil were studied.The results were compared under different reaction conditions such as reaction time,temperature, the ratio of oil,extractant and the amount of oxidant.The data indicates that,when V (ILs)/V (oil)/V (oxidant)=1∶30∶1 with 1 hour of reaction time at 60℃,the sulfur removal rate can reach to 65% for the model oil which 1146µg/g of original sulfur concentration.
The influence of certain parameters on foam flooding in heterogeneous formations was researched using paralleled core experiment.The results show that the lowpermeability formations attribute more to the increment of oil recovery in foam flooding,while the increment of oil recovery of high permeability formations is small;Considering the oil recovery and economic benefit,the injection volume of foam is supposed to be 0.3PV~0.5PV;the permeability max-min ratio should be smaller than 15 in foam flooding,and when the permeability max-min ratio was 10,the increase amplitude of oil recovery reaches maximum.The increase amplitude raises first and then declines along with the increase of water cut,when the water cut was 80% ~90%,the oil recovery reaches maximum.The continuous injection exhibits better performance than the slugging injection and the method of alternative injection of gas and liquid between foam injecting.
With microwave radiation,ethyl acetoacetate glycol ketal was synthesized from ethyl acetoacetate and glycol using acid-treated Al-crosslinked montmorillonite as catalyst without solvent.The effects of catalyst dosage,reaction temperature,molar ratio of reactants,microwave irradiation time and power on the yield of the ketal were investigated.The optimum reaction conditions are as follows:the quantity of catalyst in material is 3%,the reaction temperature is 100 ℃,reaction time is 5 min,molar ratio of ketone to alcoholic is 1.0∶1.2,and microwave radiate power is 500 W,the yield of the ketal is about 71.9%.The reaction speed of microwave calefaction method is about 18 times higher than general calefaction method.
Two phenol-amine resin were synthesized using cardanol as raw materials,and then four amphiphilicc ardanol based phenol-amine resin block polyethers(CPAE)of different molecular weight were further synthesized using phenolamine resin as initiator through addition reaction with epoxyethane and epoxypropane respectively.Four CPAE were characterizad byFT-IR.The surface tension and interfacial tension were measured,and demulsification performance were studied using bottle test.The results show that the cmc and γcmc of CPAE increased with the increasing of EO content.The interfacial tension of CPAE aqueous decreased and dewatering rate increased as the concentration increased.Under the conditions of 80 mg/L,35 ℃ and 100 min,the dewatering rates of four CPAE are all above 70%,far superior to that of commercial demulsifiers SP169,BP169 and TA1031.
LiFePO4/C cathode material was prepared from solid-state method using Fe2O3,LiH2PO4,black carbon and sugar as the starting materials.The synthesized material was characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD),scanning electron microscope (SEM) and galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling.The results show that the products are single phases and all the peaks are indexable to the orthorhombic structure.The synthesized LiFePO4/C exhibits an excellent electrochemical property with initial discharge specific capacity of 156.3 mAh/g and the discharge specific capacity of 157.7 mAh/g after 30 cycles in the voltage range 2.50~4.20V (versusLi+/Li) at a constant current density of 0.1 mA/cm2.
The reaction was carried out through Vilsmeier-reaction with the2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene as raw material,in which the electrophilic reagent was synthesized in the temperature of nearby zero degrees centigrade with POCl3 as condensating agent and DMF as formylating agent,then the H in the position of α of 2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene was substituted by the electrophilic reagent,the5-formyl-2,2′:5′,2″-terthiophene was obtained via basic hydrolysis (pH=8),of which the higher purity quotient was obtained through silica flash chromatography with the productive rate of 84.97%. It′s structure was characterized and analyzed using FT-IR,UV-vis,1H-NMR,and the melting point and boiling point was measured and analyzed by DSC,which is in agreement with the literature.
The treatment of acrylic plant biochemical pool wastewater by combined electrochemical oxidation and nano catalytic micro-electrolysis technology were studied.Using the national standard test methods to analyse four indicators which include COD,NH3-N,pH and chromaticity.The results show that when the dosage of NaClat 0.3% and current was 9 A and the cycle time was 3.5h,the concentration of COD reduced to 46 mg/L from 227 mg/L,its removal rate reached 79.7%.The concentration of NH3-N reduced to 9 mg/L from 117 mg/L,its removal rate reached 92.3%,chromaticity reduced to 4 times from 32 times,its removal rate reached 87.5%.Experiments show that the combined electrochemical oxidation and nano catalyticmicro-electrolysis technology in the field of organic wastewater treatment has broad application prospects.
p-tert-Butylcalix[4]arene was synthesized by p-tert-butylphenol and aldehyde using alkali as catalyst.An appropriate amount of ethyl acetate was added as a water carrier and the diphenyl ether was recycled as solvent.A mount of ethyl acetate and recycle times of diphenyl ether which effect on the yield of product were investigated.The results show that the addition of ethyl acetate can make the products yield increase,the dehydration time shorten and the reaction controleasily.Recycle times of diphenyl ether has significant effect on the products yield.The yield increased to 73% whendiph enylether was reused 3 times.The improved method can shorten reaction time and increase the yield of products.In addition,the effect of the catalyst K2CO3 amount on the yield of tetraethyl p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene tetraacetate were discussed.The result shows that the yield of the product can reached 74% when the optimal mole ratio of p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene to catalyst K2CO3 was1∶11.
Dimethyl carbonate(DMC)was prepared by transesterification of propylene carbonate and methanol with sodium methoxide as catalyst.Based on the traditional process,transformation of floate valve tray was made.The pilot test was carried on the novel reactive distillation column.Effects of tray liquid height,reflux ratio on the product purity were studied.The result shows that the dimethyl carbonate content improved and became stable with the reflux ratio increased;with the tray liquid height increases,the dimethyl carbonate content increased and gradually stable;propylene glycol content decreased as the reflux ratio increased.When the reflux ratio was 0,tray liquid height was 5.2 cm,the content of product can reach 26% or so,content of propylene glycol was less than 0.5%.Comparison of new and traditional process energy consumption was made.The result shows that the new process can save 0.46 t of standard coal per ton of products.
Based on the acidizing principle of variable-viscosity acid,a acid blocking agent(DQ-3) was prepared with acid densifier as major raw materials,and with crosslinker and inhibitor as additives,to achieve combination of near-wellbore unblocking and far-wellbore blocking.The formula of acid blocking agent (DQ-3)is optimized:10% HCl,0.7% densifier,0.4% crosslinker and 0.05%inhibitor.Various performances of DQ-3 were evaluated by gel test (bottle test method) and core flow test.The results show that when residual acid concentration of DQ-3 system was less than 0.1% (pH=2~3),gel is formed under system reaction,and viscosity is more than 100 000mPa·s;DQ-3 system can resist temperature of 40~90℃,and is insensitive to salinity(above 10g/L);the core water blocking rate of DQ-3 is over 95%,whereas oil blocking rate is below 45%.
According to the basic filtration theory and the reasons for the larger deviations of the individual well deliverability in position rate, found out the main control factors which affect the single well production capacity,and evaluated and researched the calculation method of oil well productivity in different reservoir types and different wells and so on.Some oil well productivity calculation methods have been developed,such as relationship method between the test capacity and the stable production,testing production method,physical property parameter method,to perfect the oil well productivity calculation method in the blocks for building productivity of the non-thermal oil reservoir,and the average daily production of single well in defined closes to in actual production.
Combined with fluid equilibrium equation model,sound velocity model and gas flow-out model,a decompression wave model was developed.The influence of gas composition,initial temperature and initial pressure were simulated and analyzed by using this model.The results show that decompression wave curve shows a plateau for gas with heavier composition.It is also demonstrated that lower initial temperature and higher initial pressure increase the risk of fracture propagation.And propere quation of state should be chosen for the simulation.
Electrochemical impedance spectrum technology and morphology observing were used to study the corrosion behaviors of X70 pipeline steel in 0.5mol/L NaHCO3+0.5mol/L NaCl solution.The results show that X70 steel corrosion resistant declined within the elastic load range.The metal corrosion was promoted by applied stress mainly due to two aspects:one is the atoms are arranged when deformed,lattice defects and atomic activation energy increased in the stress concentration area with the applied stress increased,which resulted in the balance potential decreased sharply;another is the surface passivation membrane is damaged or local thinned,which resulted in corrosion occurred at passivation membrane rupture or weak position.X70 steel surface passivation membrane ruptured and sample local plastic deformation increased which lead to local potential changing under the common function of the applied stress and erosive medium.The corrosion micro cell formed aroundt he matrix and created a condition fo rthe pitting nucleation.
In the simulation of oil-gas pipeline multiphase flow,thermodynamic computation was an important process interacting with the hydraulic calculation,and it influences the convergence of the program and theaccuracy of the results.The form of the energy equation was key to the thermodynamic computation.Through analysis of energy conservation,the energy equation was derived.This new energy equation has considered many factors,such as Joule-Thomson effect,pressure work, friction work,phase change heat transfer,and heat transfer with the pipe wall.So it was an overall form of energy equation,which could reflect the actual fact of multiphase pipeline accurately.This model was incorporated into the TPCOMP,and a simulation was carried out with a practical pipeline,Yingmai-Yaha multiphase pipeline,and the temperature result was compared with OLGA.The results show that this model has simulated the temperature distribution very well.It is better than the original TPCOMP thermodynamic model,and the result is similar with that of OLGA,so the accuracy of the model is evident
The research on the risk management based on Web GIS is being considered to improve safety management of oil pipeline.An information management system for oil pipeline based on Web GIS has been established.According to the collected practical pipeline data and ananalytic hierarchy process(AHP),the latent risk of oil pipeline was quantified based on the modified Muhlbauer W K method,the risk grading of oil pipeline was devised and daily maintenance was emphasized.The orientation system of leakage in the oil pipeline was devised based on negative pressure,and the best emergency rescue paths was decided based on improved Dijkstra arithmetic.Finally,it was demonstrated with examples that this system of the risk management and emergency response based on Web GIS is more veracious and easier to apply.
When aperiodic array and cylindrical flat ended rigid indenter is pressed on the cylindrical substrate,a mixed mode I-II singular stress field will induced at the edge of the indentation,which shares the same singularity with the same mode cracks and well lead contact boundary to fracture.Based on the equivalent crack method,the stress intensity factors for indentation with periodic array and cylindrical flat ended rigid indenter had been found.
Ni-Cu-P ternary alloy plating was made by electroless plating technology in the surface of 20R steel for improving corrosion resistance of 20R steel in hydrofluoric acid.The surface morphology and structure of the coating were observed and tested through metallography and X-ray diffraction technique.The corrosion behavior of 20R steel and the coating was tested by immersion method and electrochemical system in hydrofluoric acid solution.The results show that:Ni- Cu-P coating can deposit smoothly in the surface of 20R steel.The coating is smooth,compact and crack free and has prevented 20R steel from contacting hydrofluoric acid directly.The coating is much easier to passivate in hydrofluoric acid solution.Thus,the coating has corrosion resistance to some extent.
Currently,more and more engine blocks are produced by cast aluminum alloys in automotive industry.For the poor wear resistance,cylinder liners made of gray cast iron are embedded to improve the tribological properties.A promising alternative to the use of cylinder liners is the application of wear-risistent coatings deposited by thermal spraying onto the cylinder bore walls.The two kinds of iron-based coatings were prepared by arc spraying.The microstructure and wear risistance of the coatings were analysed by OM,SEM,XRD and MMW-1 Vertical universal wear tester and chosed gray cast iron as a standard material for comparison.The wear tset was carried out under lubricated sliding conditions,sliding speed of 0.5m/s,sliding distance of 4500 m,and normal load of 200 N.The results show that,08A coating has satisfactory values of wear and friction and that it can be a substitution for gray cast iron liners.
The structural style and working principle of the external floating roof tank's automatic breather valve were briefly introduced.Fixed the analogical standard of the oil vapour space between the factory end and the floating plate when it was unrisen.The volume ofthe roof tank decides the heat affecting volume calculate the tank throughtout and the breathing area of the breather valve.According to the fluid steady flow mathematical equation,deduced the height computing formula of petroleum production flowing into the automatic breather valve.Definite the design height that the valve handle must possess when the breathing area was given.And then analyze the oil spill reasons of the established oil tanks,which may be caused by the lacking of breathing area or the design height of valve handle,and the problems must pay attention to in future design.
