A liquid crystalline ionomer (LCP) was synthesized by using of an interfacial condensation reaction from 4-phenylene-dicarbonic acid bis (4-carboxyl phenyl) ester, 1, 10-sebacoyl dihydroxy, 1, 12-dodecanedioyl dihydroxy and 2, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The LCP has been blended with PBT and PP. The thermal behavior, morphological structure, and mechanical properties of the blends were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and tensile measurement. DSC and SEM results indicate that the LCP interacts with both the dispersed (PP) phase and the matrix (PBT) phase by acting as compatibilizer at the interface. The compatibilizer brings about good adhesion at the interfacial, which reduces the disperse phase size and enables a finely PP phase at matrix. The mechanical properties of the ternary blends are improved when a proper amount of LCP is added. However, when the content of LCP being added to the blends is surplus,the mechanical performances of blends are decreasing. 

TiO ₂ self-cleaning films were prepared on the glass substrates by the self-made flame spray pyrolysis equipment with Ti(C ₄H ₉O ₎₄ as precursor. The morphology, structure, light transmittance of the films were characterized respectively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and ultraviolet-visible transmission spectrum (UV-Vis). And the photocatalysis and hydrophilicity of the films were investigated. The results show that the droplets formed liquid membranes first, and then became the solid films by thermal decomposition reaction. The films synthesized by the flame spray pyrolysis method are anatase titanium dioxide. And the influence of growth time and annealing temperature on the crystallinity，photocatalysis and self-cleaning properties of the films were discussed. The longer position time and the higher annealing temperature, the higher of the crystallinity, photocatalytic activity and hydrophilicity of the films. The light transmittance of the films annealing at 600 ℃,which were synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis method at 400 ℃, reach to over 70%. 

Regular and hydrophobic petroleum sulfonates were extracted and purified from the crude samples of petroleum sulfonates used in shengli oilfield by liquid-liquid extraction method. Analysis of these substances using liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and determination of hydrophile-lipophile balance values were completed. Meanwhile, interfacial tension values of oil/water system respectively consisted of regular and hydrophobic sulfonates were measured by rotated dropping method. The results show that hydrophobic sulfoantes are different from regular sulfonates in composition, and it mainly consists of mono sulfonates, while the contents of mono and disulfoantes in regular sulfonates are similar. Meanwhile its interfacial activity is much lower than that of regular sulfonates, and it can not obtain ultralow interfacial tension values, not only for unit but also for mixed systems. While mixed systems of regular sulfoantes can decrease interfacial tension values to 10 ^-4 mN/m. Besides, the relationship between the structure of petroleum sulfonates and their interfacial activities was discussed.

Alumina nanoparticles carrier was prepared by supersolubilizing self-assembly micelles. BET and mercury injection method were used to characterize the carrier and the influence of adhesive amount and template amount on pore character of nanometer alumina was researched. The results indicate that, when the amount of adhesive increased, surface area and bulk density increased, pore volume and pore size decreased. When the amount of template increased, pore volume and pore size increased, bulk density decreased. When template amount is greater 10 than benchmark, the surface area is 411.4 m ²/g, surface area achieved maximum,less or more then this value, surface area would decrease.

Novel solid acid catalysts for esterification have been described that were made by incomplete carbonization of expanded starch and dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid. The effects of the molar ratio of alcohol to oleic acid, the mass ration of catalyst to oleic acid，reaction temperatures and reaction time were discussed. The kinetics of esterification of oleic acid with ethanol in the liquid phase catalyzed by carbon-based solid acid was studied under atmospheric pressure. The results of XRD and acid-base titration indicate the incompletely carbonization of the mixtures of expanded starch and p-toluene sulfonic acid results in amorphous carbon consisting of small polycyclic aromatic carbon sheets with high density of —SO ₃H groups. The remarkable catalytic activity of this material is attributable to the incorporation of reactants into the bulk structure and the high density of strongly acidic —SO ₃H sites. The experimental results show that the conversion of oleic acid is 83.88% by following conditions：molar ratio of ethanol to oleic acid is 8∶1，catalyst mass 1.0 g, refluxe reaction time 6.0 h．It was also found that the reaction depended on temperature. The conversion of oleic acid was found to increase with the temperature increasing from 50 ℃ to 70 ℃. The experimental data were correlated with a first-order pseudohomogeneous kinetic model. The activation energy and pre-exponential factor of this reaction are calculated to be 35.78 kJ/mol and 5.70×10 ⁴  h ^-1, respectively. 

The curves of FT-IR, adsorption isotherms and TPD were carried out by FT-IR and IGA(intelligent gravimetric analyzer). The spectrum of FT-IR shows that there is only physical adsoption exsits for thiophene on NaY because of no new peaks appeared in the FT-IR curves, but both physical and chemical adsoption exsit on NiY due to the peaks of 1 391 cm ^-1 and 1 440 cm ^-1 in the curves which attributable to π complexation and S-M interaction. The adsorption isotherms confirm that the adsorption quantity of thiophene on NaY decreases with temperaure increasing which consistent with the physical adsorption; but the other is different, the adsotion quantity of thiophene at 302 K and 335 K is equivalent and decreases at 373 K which indicated that the different interaction model between adsorbent and adsorbate on NiY. The spectrum of TPD shows that there are two kinds of active site existting on NiY surface for thiophene, which responsible for the different chemical interation. 

 

Experiments on injectivity and profile control performance of pre-crosslinked gel particles widely used in oilfields were done. The results show that the injectivity of pre-crosslinked gel particle is poor. Most of particles pile up in the front of sand pack, and the migration distance of pre-crosslinked gel particles is less than 20 cm, which lead to the formation of filter cake and the poor effects of depth profile control. The injection of pre-crosslinked gel particle is selectivity. In the early stage of profile control, the diversion rate of low permeability layer increases slightly, and the effect is less than 2%. After long-term waterflooding, due to the easily breakthrough in higher permeability layers, the diversion rate of low permeability layer declines in comparison that before the operation. It is indicated that pre-crosslinked gel particles will harm low permeability layers. It is calculated and analyzed that the diameters of current pre-crosslinked gel particles are bigger than pore size. Theoretically, current pre-crosslinked gel particles are difficult to be applied in depth profile control.

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Interfacial properties between Shengli Gudong model oil and preformed particle gel solution were investigated with interfacial tensiometer, interfacial viscoelastometer and Zeta potential instrument. Meanwhile, the effects of the concentration of preformed particle gel solution on interfacial properties and emulsion stability were researched. The results indicate that the interfacial tension, the interfacial shear viscosity and the absolute value of Zeta potential between deionized water/formation water and model oil increase with addition of preformed particle gel. The stability of water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsion formed by crude oil and preformed particle gel solution enhances as the concentration of the preformed particle gel solution increases.

SiO ₂ inorganic membranes were prepared on Al ₂O ₃ wafer substrates by Sol-Gel method using TEOS as raw material,alcohol as solvent，hydrochloric acid as catalyst and N,N-dimethylform amide as template.The effect of coating method,alcohol-silicon molar ratio of sol and retention time on performance of the sol were systematically analyzed. The results show that using combination of concentrated-dilute coating method can improve coating efficiency and performance of the membranes. Though larger alcohol-silicon molar ratio can get better membranes,the cycle of membranes preparation is longer. Retention time of the sol is too long, so that performance of the membranes will decrease.

Catalyzed by dibutyl tin dilaurate, a polyether type of epoxy resin E-51 modified waterborne polyurethane adhesive emulsion was prepared using 1,4-butanediol as the small molecule chain extender, dimethylol propionic acid as ahydrophilie chain extender, trimethylolpropane as the crosslinking agent. The performance of modified waterborne polyurethane adhesive emulsion is optimum when the amount of dimethylol propionic acid was 10％, the content of trimethylolpropane and epoxy resin E-51 were 3％ and 4％, respectively. E-51 modified waterborne polyurethane adhesive is provided with good water resistance and high tensile strength.

The change rule of sol size during the pseudo-boehmite peptization were explored by using experimental apparatus such as Zetasizer Nano ZS 90 , TURBISCAN Lab infrared dispersion steady indicator and TEM.The results show that the optimal range of [H+]/[AlOOH] molar ratio is 0.15 to 0.30, the sol size is about 77 nm. In the three kinds of pseudo-boehmite sol size measurement method, the smallest sol size measured by TEM, followed by the two others.Increase the [H+]/[AlOOH] molar ratio and peptization temperature are both in favor of peptization reactivity.

Based on some indoor physical simulation and the corresponding experimental equipments, to the channeling laws of CO ₂ in the absence of filling phase and filling phase porous medium was researched. It specifically researched the impact that the factors have on CO ₂ channeling level, such as temperature, pressure, permeability, high permeability and low permeability hierarchy. The results show that it reveals exponential relationship between the injection pressure and the breakthrough time of gas in porous media, and there is an empirical correlation can predict the gas channeling time, the differential permeability of hypertonic layer and low permeability layer has a great influence to the time of gas channeling and the flow rate of gas in the context of a certain critical pressure. The empirical regression equation can predict the swept volume of gas prior to the gas channeling under a certain differential.

The reaction product of catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene was determined by high performance liquid chromatography and UV detection. The reaction solution of catalytic hydrogenation of nitrobenzene was filtered by the microporous filter membrane（water system） which was 0.45 μm, and then the samples diluted with methanol were injected. The qualitative analysis of the experiment was used retention qualitative method comparing directly with the known standard material, the quantitative analysis was used external standard method. The linear regression equations of nitrobenzene, aniline and p-aminophenol are obtained from experiments, and the correlation coefficients are 0.998 6, 0.999 8 and 0.999 9, the detection limit is 2.0,20.0 mg/L and 21.0 mg/L, the coefficient of recoveries of them are 97.6%, 97.5% and 98.1%, the precisions expressed in relative standard deviation are 0.62, 0.77 and 0.36 respectively. This method is quick, accurate and simple and does not require sample pretreatment, experimental results are satisfactory comparatively.

 

Removal of nitrogen compounds especially basic nitrogen compounds from Fushun shale oil with acidic reagent as extraction reagent and lye as back-extraction reagent was investigated. The results show that removal rate of basic nitrogen compounds increased with the increasing mass ratio of agent to oil, reaction temperature, reaction time and settling time respectively, at the same time the quality of shale oil is improved in a way. When mass ratio of agent to oil ratio was 1∶1, reaction temperature was 60 ℃, reaction time was 20 min and settling time was 4 h with acidic reagent A, removal rate of basic nitrogen compounds is up to 96.04%, and that of total nitrogen compounds is up to 38.25%, the yield of shale oil is 97.18%.

A new type of cylinder-electrode electrostatic coalescer with insulation was designed and developed. When the W/O emulsion flowed through the electrodes, under the applied electrical field, the tiny water droplets coalesced into bigger droplets and then settled out to separate. With the laboratory experiments, W/O emulsion separation characteristics was investigated. The relationship among the electrode diameter and length, electrical field intensity and water cut was investigated. Also the influence of these parameters was analyzed. It is shown that, without the electrodispersion happening, the coalescer separation efficiency of water-in-oil emulsion increases as the electric field intensity increases. Also the separation efficiency is influenced by the affecting time of electric field and the electrostatic force between the droplets in the water-in-oil emulsion. When the water content is low, the influence of electric field affecting time plays an important role and it’s proved that the longer the electric field affecting time, the higher the separation efficiency. Under the condition of high water content, the influence of electric field affecting time decreases. When the electrostatic force between the droplets in the water-in-oil emulsion increases, the separation efficiency also turns higher. The high-speed camera was used to observe and record the droplets’ size from the coalescer exit. It’s estimated that the droplets’ size increased dramatically. Accordingly, the new cylinder-electrode electrostatic coalescer showed high efficiency in the separation of diesel oil/water emulsion.

Two kinds of polymerization Mg-Al flocculants were synthesized under normal atmospheric temperature with slow-addition method, which is used on the laboratory wastewater COD removal examination. The results show that the COD removal is effected by flocculants kind, flocculants dose, pH, stirring time and settling time. Over 98% of COD is removed by polymerization sulfuric Mg-Al flocculants(PMAS) at pH=8, 3 minutes rapid agitation and 10 minutes slowly, 30 minutes settling time, 20 mL flocculants dosage in 1 L wastewater.

The chitosan membrane and crosslineked were prepared by doctor-blade casting process with chitosan. The chitosan solution concentration as well as temperature capacity of glutaraldehyde crosslinked chitosan membranes have been studied. The best experimental conditions of cross-linking of chitosan film have been obtained as follows: the concentration of chitosan solution is 1%, cross linking temperature would be exceeded 70 ℃,  cross linking time must be exceeded 1 h, and to obtain the better film, the dry way would be the nature air dries or drying on the 80 ℃. The results show that chitosan membrane has the highest intensity of 9.92 MPa, the maximum ratio of  resistant elongation is 11.75%, and the film has not the acid resistance. Though the cross-linked chitosan with glutaric the highest intensity of  dialdehyde can achieve the value 96.64 MPa, the maximum ratio of  resistant elongation is 10.92%. The acid resistance of film has been enhanced greatly.

 

1,3-diformylazulene was synthesized by 1,3-dibromoazulenes, organic base and catalyst under 6×10 ⁶ Pa at 120 ℃ with carbon monoxide-hydrogen for the formylation reagent, while palladium(Ⅱ) was as the catalyst，benzene as solvent. The yield was 77% under the condition the molar ratio of 1,3-dibromoazulenes,organic base and catalyst was 1∶2∶0.02. Based on the reaction, by changing the substituent, 1,3 - dimethylacyl-5-methyl azulene, 1,3-dimethylacyl-6-tert-butyl-azulene, 1,3-diformy-2,4,6-trimethyl-azulene were synthesized by acylation reactions, the yields were 68%, 60%, 65%. This method provides several advantages such as good yields, simple work-up procedures and mild conditions. All the products are confirmed by 1H-NMR, IR spectra and elemental analysis.

By the research of the flue main structure of gas desulfurization tower and combining experience in engineering design, the definite steps to determine the size of desulfurization towers main structure were given. The mass transfer units number and height of the spray tower were calculated to determine the absorption height particularly, and the major factors which impacted the desulfurization efficiency were discussed. The result show that the velocity of the tower flue gas distributed evenly and the effective transfer mass area of gas-liquid contacting which impacted the mass transfer efficiency is increased, by adjusting flue gas inlet and outlet angle, using computer software to simulate the absorber tower, increasing the air distribution plate to improve the spray effectiveness and so on. 

The hazard of polyethylene dust during conveying process was analyzed in different aspects. Based on the necessary conditions of polyethylene dust explosion, the analysis method of acceptable safety degree during the process of polyethylene dust conveying was put forward. The method consists of five steps, which is concentration test of hydrocarbon gas, minimum ignition energy test of the polyethylene dust, minimum ignition energy calculation of the hybrid combustible gas and polyethylene dust, comparing the minimum ignition energy of the hybrid and electrostatic discharge and effectiveness assessment on existing safety measures. The method can be also used to assess the hazard of other poly-olefin dust, determine its hazard extent and provide some effective countermeasures, which can solve the poly-olefin dust explosion problem that puzzles the petrochemical industry for many years.

A numerical method for simulating three-dimensional laminar forced convective heat transfer in a horizontal passage with trapezoid cross section under uniform heat flux condition was presented. The results presented cover structure parameter b/a range of 1/4~4/3, and included angle of bottom side θ range of 60°, 75° and 85°. The developments and distributions of heat transfer and flow fields, and the average Nusselt numbers at different axial cross-sections in the horizontal passage with trapezoid cross section were discussed when three walls of passage were heated and bottom wall was insulated. In addition, the results were compared with those of four walls heated. The results show that the temperature distribution, convection heat transfer performance and the effects of structure parameters for a passage with trapezoid cross section and three walls heated are different from those with four walls heated. 

Effects on microstructure, molten temperature and corrosion of Sn-9Zn solder alloy was researched under magnetic field of 0.5 T by means of XRD,SEM and metal corrosion detecter etc. The results show that magnetic field can refine microstructure of Sn-9Zn solder alloy, molten temperature decrease by 2 ℃ and corrosion improve as well. It can be concluded that the magnetic field can promote Sn-9Zn solder to crystalize at special plane and restrict formation of  rich-Zn phase,which refine microstructure of Sn-9Zn solder and improve its property.

 

The singularity of parallel machine tools was researched, which was based on the research objects of the speed matrix determinant, Jacobian matrix determinant det([WTHX]J[WTBZ]) and operability W respectively. The researches provided a basis for the design of the structural parameters about parallel machine tools.The singularity of bodies about parallel machine tools can be divided into three categories when the speed matrix determinant was put as the research object. Parallel machine tools can be judged at the singularity when det([WTHX]J[WTBZ])=0 or the operability was zero.The singularity was researched for a new type of 3-legged 3-DOF parallel machine tool when det([WTHX]J[WTBZ]) and the operability W were [KG*4]put as the research objects. The mathematical model of the [KG*4]machine [KG*4]tool [KG*4]was [KG*4]established. The [KG*4]Jacobian [KG*4]matrix [KG*4]of [KG*4]the [KG*4]machine [KG*4]tool [KG*4]were [KG*4]derived. [KG*4]The [KG*4]expressions [KG*4]of [KG*4]|det([WTHX]J[WTBZ])| and the operability W about the machine tool by Matlab had been worked out. |det([WTHX]J[WTBZ])|=W>0 and |det([WTHX]J[WTBZ])|=W≠∞ were obtained by the analysis. That is, there is no singularity about the machine tool. Besides, the machine tool has good operability. The stationarity of the machine tool was researched in the environment of Matlab. The simulation results show that the machine tool has good stationarity.

An algorithm of constrained generalized predictive control was proposed based on partical swarm optimization(PSO) and simulated annealing(SA).PSO and SA were used for iterrative optimization to enhance the search capabilities for constraint boundary. Meanwhile, a violation function was constructed by constraints. This function and fitness function  determined the optimal solution better or not. Constraint handling performance of GPC can be effectively improved by this algorithm. Its feasibility and efectiveness are verified via simulation study for an industrial object．

Because the relationship of faults and their expressions in FCCU system is a fuzzy one.The fault diagnosis model was based on the the relationship between FCCU fractionating system malfunction characteristics and malfunction symptoms. This model takes into account the influence of the acquirable symptoms and introduced symptom confidence and rule confidence. The expert knowledge of identifying the fault of FCCU was reviewed. In order to reduce the developing period of fault diagnosis expert system and increase its developing flexibility this paper had discussed a method by using of developing Visual C++ and expert system tool CLIPS the fault diagnosis expert system of FCCU fractionating system. This method has good transplant ability and can develop effective expert system frame in a short time．